Lecture 17 Flashcards
How to Synergists help?
They prevent weakening contraction from excessive shortening of the prime mover
What are Fixator muscles?
Short muscles acting as stabilisers at a joint.
They ‘pull’ bone into the joint, for stability
When is a muscle injury likely to be an avulsion fracture
In infancy and childhood, weakest site is the tendon/bone interface
Which type of muscles are more susceptible to injury?
2 - joint muscles, as a result of strain
Which site is the point of entry into the muscle?
the Neurovascular Hilum (motor point)
What are the types of Bones?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
What is a sesamoid bone
Lies within a tendon, for protection
Pneumatic Bone is…
Bone that have air spaces within them which makes them lighter than more solid bone. They are only found in the skull.
What are the typical features of a long bone?
Proximal and Distal ends
Shaft
Articular and non-articular surfaces
The Periosteum of the bone is where and contains what?
Covering the compact bone (outer layer)
- Protects it, fibrous layer (outer)
- Inner (osteogenic) layer, production of new bone cells
Rich nerve and Blood supply (where majority of pain comes from)
Which cells come more-so from bone marrow
Red Blood Cells
What is intra-membarnous-ossification?
Bones forming in membrane, there can be evidence of this in infants (fontanelle on cranium)
This allows skull to change it’s shape.
There is Anterior and Posterior fontanelle.
(Closed by 18 months)
What are the 3 Types of Cartilage?
Hyaline - articular, at the ends of bones
Fibro - Fibrocartilage is found in the pubic symphysis, the annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs, menisci, and the TMJ
Elastic - present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. The principal protein is Elastin.
What are Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
What is the process of bone formation
Bone first appears in middle of shaft
Cartilage progressively replaced by bone, extending towards the ends
Bone simultaneously formed in Periosteal and endosteal layers, to remodel the medullary cavity
The diaphysis is the..
shaft
Epiphysis forms which part of the bone?
The end/parts with articular cartilage
True or False. The Metaphysis forms part of diaphysis adjacent to epiphysis at each end
True.
Metaphysis is a site of remodelling and high metabolic activity
True or False. The Epiphysial growth plate is made up of Hyaline cartilage
True
are fully replaced by new bone
True or false. Nutrient foramen and artery bring cells that destroy bone.
True, they are osteoclasts.
to help remodel bone
Bone formation at ends of bone. these are ______ centres of ossification
Secondary.
at head of bone
Chondrocytes are..
The only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.
True or False, a compound fracture breaks through the skin.
True
