Lecture 17

Question 1

How to Synergists help?

Answer 1

They prevent weakening contraction from excessive shortening of the prime mover

Question 2

What are Fixator muscles?

Answer 2

Short muscles acting as stabilisers at a joint.

They ‘pull’ bone into the joint, for stability

Question 3

When is a muscle injury likely to be an avulsion fracture

Answer 3

In infancy and childhood, weakest site is the tendon/bone interface

Question 4

Which type of muscles are more susceptible to injury?

Answer 4

2 - joint muscles, as a result of strain

Question 5

Which site is the point of entry into the muscle?

Answer 5

the Neurovascular Hilum (motor point)

Question 6

What are the types of Bones?

Answer 6

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

Question 7

What is a sesamoid bone

Answer 7

Lies within a tendon, for protection

Question 8

Pneumatic Bone is…

Answer 8

Bone that have air spaces within them which makes them lighter than more solid bone. They are only found in the skull.

Question 9

What are the typical features of a long bone?

Answer 9

Proximal and Distal ends
Shaft
Articular and non-articular surfaces

Question 10

The Periosteum of the bone is where and contains what?

Answer 10

Covering the compact bone (outer layer)

• Protects it, fibrous layer (outer)
• Inner (osteogenic) layer, production of new bone cells

Rich nerve and Blood supply (where majority of pain comes from)

Question 11

Which cells come more-so from bone marrow

Answer 11

Red Blood Cells

Question 12

What is intra-membarnous-ossification?

Answer 12

Bones forming in membrane, there can be evidence of this in infants (fontanelle on cranium)

This allows skull to change it’s shape.

There is Anterior and Posterior fontanelle.
(Closed by 18 months)

Question 13

What are the 3 Types of Cartilage?

Answer 13

Hyaline - articular, at the ends of bones

Fibro - Fibrocartilage is found in the pubic symphysis, the annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs, menisci, and the TMJ

Elastic - present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. The principal protein is Elastin.

Question 14

What are Osteoblasts

Answer 14

Bone forming cells

Question 15

What is the process of bone formation

Answer 15

Bone first appears in middle of shaft

Cartilage progressively replaced by bone, extending towards the ends

Bone simultaneously formed in Periosteal and endosteal layers, to remodel the medullary cavity

Question 16

The diaphysis is the..

Answer 16

shaft

Question 17

Epiphysis forms which part of the bone?

Answer 17

The end/parts with articular cartilage

Question 18

True or False. The Metaphysis forms part of diaphysis adjacent to epiphysis at each end

Answer 18

True.

Metaphysis is a site of remodelling and high metabolic activity

Question 19

True or False. The Epiphysial growth plate is made up of Hyaline cartilage

Answer 19

True

are fully replaced by new bone

Question 20

True or false. Nutrient foramen and artery bring cells that destroy bone.

Answer 20

True, they are osteoclasts.

to help remodel bone

Question 21

Bone formation at ends of bone. these are ______ centres of ossification

Answer 21

Secondary.

at head of bone

Question 22

Chondrocytes are..

Answer 22

The only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.

Question 23

True or False, a compound fracture breaks through the skin.

Answer 23

True