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PSYCH 367 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

On average, people can localize sounds most accurately ____ (and least accurately to their sides and behind their heads)

A

On average, people can localize sounds most accurately directly in front of them (and least accurately to their sides and behind their heads)

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2
Q

Auditory localization

A

locating sounds in space

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3
Q

Azimuth coordinates

A

left to right position

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4
Q

Elevation coordinates

A

up and down position

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5
Q

Distance coordinates

A

position relative to observer

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6
Q

Location cues

A

are created based on how sound waves interact with our head/ears

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7
Q

Binaural cues

A

location cues based on the comparison of the signals received by the left and right ears (intramural time and level differences) to determine the azimuth (i.e. left-right) positions of sounds

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8
Q

Intramural level difference (ILD)

A

is a binaural cue related to differences in sound pressure levels reaching each ear

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9
Q

Reduction in intensity occurs for high frequency sounds for the far (relative to audio source) ear, due to the head casting an __ ___

A

Reduction in intensity occurs for high frequency sounds for the far (relative to audio source) ear, due to the head casting an acoustic shadow

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10
Q

acoustic shadows do not occur for ___ frequency sounds because the distance, or spacing, between waves i.e. frequency for low frequency is relatively ___, in comparison to the object casting the acoustic shadow i.e. your head

A

acoustic shadows do not occur for low frequency sounds because the distance, or spacing, between waves i.e. frequency for low frequency is relatively large, in comparison to the object casting the acoustic shadow i.e. your head

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11
Q

intramural time difference (ITD)

A

is a binaural cue related to differences in the timing of when a sound reaches each ear

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12
Q

When distance to each ear is the same, there is ___ ___ in ___ (___=0)

A

When distance to each ear is the same, there is no difference in timing (ITD=0)

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13
Q

When the source is to the side of the observer, the times ___ ___

A

When the source is to the side of the observer, the times will differ

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14
Q

__ and ___ are useful binaural cues for judging azimuth and distance

A

ILD and ITD are useful binaural cues for judging azimuth and distance

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15
Q

ILD and ITD cannot reliably indicate the ___ of a sound source

A

ILD and ITD cannot reliably indicate the elevation of a sound source

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16
Q

‘cone of confusion’

A

in reference to the (many) conical space(s) around the ears for which various possible pairs of points on an ‘imaginary cone’ would produce the same ITD and ILD

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17
Q

monoaural cues

A

location cues based on signals reaching a single ear

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18
Q

__ __ are particularly important for judging elevation, given that ILD and ITD are not effective for doing so since they may be zero in many different locations

A

monoaural cues are particularly important for judging elevation, given that ILD and ITD are not effective for doing so since they may be zero in many different locations

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19
Q

The monaural cue we primarily rely on is referred to as a __ __, because it involves using information related to the distribution of intensities of a particular spectrum of frequencies experienced

A

The monaural cue we primarily rely on is referred to as a spectral cue, because it involves using information related to the distribution of intensities of a particular spectrum of frequencies experienced

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20
Q

Spectral cues occur because the __ and ___ affect the intensity of sound waves entering the system

A

Spectral cues occur because the pinna and head affect the intensity of sound waves entering the system

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21
Q

Sound waves are reflected off the __, as well as within the folds of the __, before stimulating the ear drum

A

Sound waves are reflected off the head, as well as within the folds of the pinnae, before stimulating the ear drum

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22
Q

Frequency spectra

A

recorded by a microphone placed inside the ear for the same stimulus being played at different elevations

23
Q

Gardner and Gardner found that changing the pinnae (by smoothing out nooks/crannies using a molding compound) resulted in participants producing worse localization judgements about ___

A

Gardner and Gardner found that changing the pinnae (by smoothing out nooks/crannies using a molding compound) resulted in participants producing worse localization judgements about elevation

24
Q

Cue summary for sound source localization:
___ and ___ work for judging azimuth
___ works best for high frequency sounds
____ works best for low frequency sounds
___ cues helps us judge elevation
____ cues are also relevant i.e. vision

A

Cue summary for sound source localization:
ILD and ITD work for judging azimuth
ILD works best for high frequency sounds
ITD works best for low frequency sounds
Spectral cues helps us judge elevation
Multi-modal cues are also relevant i.e. vision

25
Q

Jeffress neural coincidence model

A

proposes that some neurons receive input from both ears and respond to ITD (are essentially ITD detectors)

26
Q

___ detectors only fire if they receive input from both axons simultaneously or in other words only fire if they receive signals originating from each ear simultaneously

A

Coincidence detectors only fire if they receive input from both axons simultaneously or in other words only fire if they receive signals originating from each ear simultaneously

27
Q

Jeffress Neural Coincidence model: Example 1- sound originating directly in front of listener

A

each ear receives stimulation at same time, resulting in transmission from each ear to the cortex to happen at same time, ‘meeting’ in the middle of the neural coincidence detector e.g. meeting at the middle at neuron 5. Firing of neuron 5 indicates a sound is directly in front of the listener i..e ITD=0

28
Q

Jeffress Neural Coincidence model: Example 2- sound originating to the right of a listener

A

Signal from right ear gets a ‘head start’ to going to cortex relative to the signal from the left ear, point which they ‘meet’ is skewed to left from middle e.g. instead of 5 it is at Neuron 3, firing of this neuron would indicate that sound is skewed to a right

29
Q

It may be more likely that mammals use ___ coding to encode ITD for the purpose of localizing sounds (whereas birds may sue something more akin to ___ coding)

A

It may be more likely that mammals use population coding to encode ITD for the purpose of localizing sounds (whereas birds may sue something more akin to specificity coding)

30
Q

Neurons in the left hemisphere respond best to sound from the ___, neurons in the right hemisphere respond best to sounds from the ___

A

Neurons in the left hemisphere respond best to sound from the right, neurons in the right hemisphere respond best to sounds from the left

31
Q

Evidence that A1 is involved in localization: Neff et al.

A

Cats rewarded with food for approaching boxes emitting a sound, no longer able to localize sounds after bilateral lesions to A1 (even after 5 months of training)

32
Q

Evidence that A1 is involved in localization: Nodal et al.

A

Lesioning A1 in ferrets detrimentally impacted (but did not eliminate) their ability to localize sound

33
Q

Evidence that A1 is involved in localization: Malhorta and Lomber

A

deactivating via cooling A1 in cats impairs their sound localization

34
Q

Evidence that the posterior belt is involved in localization: Recanzone

A

single-cell recordings of monkeys revealed neurons that only respond to sounds coming from particular locations in space

35
Q

Evidence that the posterior belt is involved in localization: Lomber and Malhotra

A

temporarily disputing the posterior belt again via cooling, disrupts localization. This did not affect their ability to distinguish between differences in patterns of timing related to sound stimuli

36
Q

Evidence that anterior belt is involved in perceiving sound: Rauschecker and Tian

A

while some neurons in A1 respond to pure tones, those in the anterior belt respond to more complex sounds e.g. monkey vocalizations

37
Q

Evidence that anterior belt is involved in perceiving sound: Lomber and Malhorta

A

Cooling this area in cats disrupts their ability to discern differences in timing patterns related to sound (but not localization)

38
Q

Where or dorsal stream

A

used to locate sounds

39
Q

What or ventral stream

A

used to identify sounds

40
Q

Direct sound

A

sound that reaches the listener’s ears straight from the source

41
Q

Indirect sound

A

sound that is reflected off of the environmental surfaces and then to the listener

42
Q

When listener is outside, most sound is __

A

When listener is outside, most sound is direct

43
Q

Architectural acoustics

A

study of how sounds are reflected in rooms

44
Q

Reverberation time

A

time it takes sound to decrease to 1/1000th of its original pressure

45
Q

If the reverberation time is too long sound will seem ‘___’

A

If the reverberation time is too long sound will seem ‘muddled’

46
Q

If the reverberation time is too short sound will see ‘___’

A

If the reverberation time is too short sound will see ‘dead’

47
Q

Intimacy time

A

time between the sound leaves its source and when the first reflection arrives

48
Q

Bass ratio

A

ratio of low to middle frequencies reflected from surfaces

49
Q

Spaciousness factor

A

fraction of all the sound received by listener that is indirect

50
Q

___ spaciousness factors are typically perceived as most pleasing

A

High spaciousness factors are typically perceived as most pleasing

51
Q

Auditory scene

A

array of all sound sources in the environment

52
Q

Auditory scene analysis

A

process by which sound sources in the auditory scene are separated into individual perceptions, this does not happen at the cochlea since simultaneous sounds are processed together in the pattern of vibration of the basilar membrane

53
Q

Onset time

A

sounds that start at different times are likely to come from different sources

54
Q

Location

A

a single sound source tends to come from one location, individual sources of sound also tend to move in a smooth and continuous way

PSYCH 367 (11 decks)

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