Lecture 10 Flashcards
Mirror neurons
in the cortex of monkeys respond when a monkey grasps an object, as well as when an experimenter grasps an object
Response to the observed action ‘___’ the response of what happens when the monkey ___ ____ ___, diminished/little response if object grasped ____ ____ like by pliers
Response to the observed action ‘mirrors’ the response of what happens when the monkey grasps something themselves, diminished/little response if object grasped less directly like by pliers
Some possible functions of mirror neurons
to help understand another animal’s actions and react to them appropriately, to help imitate the observed actions, social applications
Audiovisual mirror neurons
responds to stimuli associated with both seeing and hearing action
Audiovisual mirror neurons may help link ___ ___ and ___ ___
Audiovisual mirror neurons may help link sensory perceptions and motor actions
Action-based accounts of perception
the purpose of perception is to create a representation in the mind of how one can interact with their environment
Action-specific perception hypothesis
states that one’s environment is perceived in terms of how they are able to act on it
estimates of distance increase as more ___ is being ___
estimates of distance increase as more weight is being carried
people with chronic back and/or leg pain ___ distances of objects in their environment
people with chronic back and/or leg pain overestimate distances of objects in their environment
tennis players who have recently won estimate the net to be ___
tennis players who have recently won estimate the net to be lower
football players who have had more recent success at kicking field goals estimate the goal posts to be __ ___
football players who have had more recent success at kicking field goals estimate the goal posts to be farther apart
motion assists with ___ __ e.g. separating figure from ground, gestalt common fate principle etc.
motion assists with object recognition
motion attracts attention i.e. ___ ___ e.g. predators use movement of prey as a primary means of location in hunting
motion attracts attention i.e. attentional capture e.g. predators use movement of prey as a primary means of location in hunting
viewing things from different perspectives i.e. __-___ ___, provides additional ___ and can change ___ of what we think we are seeing
viewing things from different perspectives i.e. self-produced motion, provides additional information and can change interpretations of what we think we are seeing
we expect motion to be predicated by other living things, predisposing us to perceive things that ___ as being ___
we expect motion to be predicated by other living things, predisposing us to perceive things that move as being alive
motion is also a cue that we rely on for distinguishing between __ __
motion is also a cue that we rely on for distinguishing between event boundaries
akinetopsia
an inability to perceive motion
real motion
occurs when an object is physically moving
Illusory motion aka apparent motion, phi phenomenon
stationary stimuli are presented in slightly different locations, perceive motion but there is no motion
induced motion
movement of one object (usually a larger object e.g. clouds) results in the perception of movement in another object (usually a smaller object e.g. the moon)
Motion aftereffect
observer looks at movement of object for 30-60 seconds, then a stationary object, and movement appears to occur in opposite direction from original movement
Motion aftereffect relates to ___ (adapting) neurons tuned to motion in one direction, which become ___ sensitive compared to neurons tuned to motion in other directions ( a relative difference that your system interprets as ____)
Motion aftereffect relates to fatiguing (adapting) neurons tuned to motion in one direction, which become less sensitive compared to neurons tuned to motion in other directions ( a relative difference that your system interprets as motion)
Larsen et al. scanned participants using fMRI while viewing 1 of 3 displays.. which were ..
control condition, real motion condition, apparent motion condition
Control condition
2 squares in slightly different positions are briefly presented simultaneously, each square activated a separate area of the visual cortex
Real motion condition
a small square is moved back and forth
Apparent motion condition
2 squares are quickly alternated on alternate sides of the display so as to create illusory motion
Perception of motion in both cases (apparent and real) involve ___ ___ mechanisms
Perception of motion in both cases (apparent and real) involve similar neural mechanisms
