Lecture 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three super-kingdoms?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

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2
Q

What are the six kingdoms of organisms?

A

Bacteria,Archaea,Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Bacteria?

A

-unicellular -cells lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles -distinctive cell walls -some autotrophs and some heterotrophs

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Archaea?

A

-unicellular -cells lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles -distinctive cell walls -some autotrophs and heterotrophs

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Protista?

A

-unicellular or multicellular -cells with nuclei and membrane bound organelles -some have cell walls -some autotrophs and heterotrophs

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Plantae?

A

-multicellular land plants -cells with nuclei and membrane bound organelles -cell walls of cellulose -autotrophs -complex organ systems

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Fungi?

A

-most multicellular thread-like hyphae -cells with nuclei and membrane bound organelles -cells walls of chitin -heterotrophs (by absorption)

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Animalia?

A

-multicellular -cells with nuclei and membrane bound organelles -no cell walls -heterotrophs (by ingestion) -complex organ systems

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9
Q

How does evolution arise?

A

Evolution through natural selection. All living organisms result from descent, with modification, from a common ancestor, and share a common cellular biochemistry and genetics.

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10
Q

Where did life first evolve and how?

A

The Origin of Life in Primitive Oceans! 1. Primitive Oceans - a dilute, hot, smelly soup of ammonia, formaldehyde, formic acid, cyanide, methane, hydrogen sulfide and organic hydrocarbons. 2. UV light contributed to organic synthesis, yet UV light also destroys organic molecules. 3. Therefore, life evolved in the oceans, protected by water that filters out the UV.

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11
Q

Is it possible that primodial oceans were cooler than we thought

A

-yes, possibly got cool about half a billion years before we thought= so more time for evolution.

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12
Q

What do we know about the first cells?

A

• were prokaryotic • were heterotrophs-and liked it hot! (or did they?) • are not in the fossil record • First fossils reveal photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, which eventually changed the earth’s atmosphere forever by generating oxygen.

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13
Q

What is today’s atmosphere like?

A

• photosynthesis resulted in an oxigenic atmosphere • is 21% oxygen, a oxidizing atmosphere where the spontaneous formation of complex carbon molecules cannot occur • shielded from ultraviolet radiation by a layer of ozone gas (O3) in the upper atmosphere.!

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14
Q

What is the snowball earth?

A

snowball= 10million yrs ago ice age that kept on going and stopped evolution- plants- organisms survived around volcanoes=warmer

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15
Q

What is the evidence for evolution? (5)

A

• Palaeontology and the fossil record • Comparative anatomy of cells and organisms • Embryology • Comparative biochemistry and molecular biology • Structure of DNA, gene sequences

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16
Q

What evidence for evolution does Palaeontology and the fossil record provide?

A

Fossils attest to the variety of extinct organisms, from cells to huge animals. Many such creatures show features related to those of living organisms; they can be arranged temporally in sequence to show evolutionary progressions.

17
Q

What evidence for evolution does Comparative anatomy of cells and organisms provide?

A

Many features within cells (e.g. flagellar structure) are invariant or clearly related, chemically and functionally. Higher animals and plants display anatomical features that have a common ancestry (e.g. the forearms of animals, wings of birds, fins of whales). Some have vestigial structures with no present function, but clearly derived from ancestral forms.

18
Q

What evidence for evolution does Embryology provide?

A

Embryos of higher animals show remarkable similarities in morphology during their early development, reflecting their common origin.

19
Q

What evidence for evolution does Comparative biochemistry and molecular biology provide?

A

Living cells share a common, basic molecular chemistry, and use the same amino acids, sugars, bases etc. Metabolic pathways are basically similar with numerous variations accumulating over evolutionary history.

20
Q

What evidence for evolution does Structure of DNA, gene sequences provide?

A

The structure of the genetic material (DNA) and translation machinery (RNA) is basically the same in all cells. However, minor variations in detail (e.g. in amino acid sequences in proteins, base sequences in DNAs RNA) are extremely numerous; these arise by mutations that accumulate and the pattern of these changes reflects the evolutionary relationship of the organisms that display them.

21
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

description and naming of organisms

22
Q

What is classification?

A

recognizing groups of related organisms and naming the groups

23
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

the evolutionary history of an organism.

24
Q

What is the binomial name?

A

organisms are initially given two names, genus and species. This binomial name for the platypus, for example, is Ornithorthynchus anatinus. By convention, this name is usually written in italics or underlined. If there is no confusion, the generic name is often shortened (e.g.: O. anatinus)

25
Q

Describe history of the Earth:

A