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BSC Zoology - Genetics > Glossary 1-11 > Flashcards

Glossary 1-11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene

A

the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next; a segment of DNA.

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2
Q

genotype

A

the specific allelic constitution of an organism, either of the entire organism or for a certain set of genes or a certain gene.

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3
Q

phenotype

A

the morphological, biochemical and behavioural properties of an organism resulting from a specific genotype and its interaction with the environment.

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4
Q

genome

A

The genetic complement in a set of chromosomes

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5
Q

epigenetics

A

Changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence

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6
Q

telomere

A

The ends of a eukaryotic chromosome

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7
Q

semi-conservative replication of DNA

A

the method of DNA replication where the new molecule of DNA has one strand which comes from the parent molecule and one strand which is newly synthesised.

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8
Q

complementary base pairing

A

nucleotides or nucleotide sequences that are able to base pair. For example, G and C are complementary as are A and T.

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9
Q

pyrimidine

A

one of the two types of nitrogenous base compounds found in nucleotides. The pyrimidine bases in DNA are cytosine and thymine

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10
Q

purine

A

one of the two types of nitrogenous base compounds found in nucleotides. The purine bases in DNA are guanine and adenine.

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11
Q

polynucleotide

A

polymer consisting of nucleotide subunits.

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12
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the chemical bond that links the adjacent nucleotides in a polynucleotide.

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13
Q

5’ (PO4) end

A

the end of the polynucleotide that terminates with a phosphate attached to the 5’- carbon of the sugar.

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14
Q

3’ (OH) end

A

the end of a polynucleotide which terminates with a hydroxyl group attached to the 3’- carbon of the sugar.

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15
Q

leading/ lagging strand

A

the leading strand is that which is synthesized continuously, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized in a discontinuous fashion during DNA replication.

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16
Q

Okazaki fragment

A

one of the RNA-primed short segments of DNA synthesized during replication of the lagging strand of the double helix.

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17
Q

DNA heliase

A

an enzyme that uses energy from ATP to unwind the DNA

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18
Q

topoisomerase

gyrase

A

an enzyme which can relax DNA by cutting and reforming the polynucleotide backbones

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19
Q

single-strand binding protein

A

one of the proteins that attaches to single stranded regions of DNA and prevents the reformation of base pairs, particularly in the region of the replication fork.

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20
Q

primase

A

an enzyme which synthesises the RNA primer

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21
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

enzyme which adds nucleotides to gaps when primers removed

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22
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

main polymerase which adds nucleotdes to template in a complementary way

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23
Q

ligase

A

enzyme which joins sequences of DNA

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24
Q

mutation

A

a change in the genetic material which can be passed from cell to cell or parent to offspring. A somatic mutation will occur in a somatic cell and hence will not passed to the next generation, compared to a germline mutation which can be passed to offspring.

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25
Q

locus

A

the position of a gene on a chromosome

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26
Q

haploid

A

one copy of each chromosome

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27
Q

diploid

A

two of each type of chromosome the two similar chromosomes are described as homologous

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28
Q

aneuploidy

A

addition or deletion of a single chromosome or sometimes extra single chromosomes

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29
Q

euploidy

A

+/- a complete haploid set/s of chromosomes

30
Q

autosome

A

a chromosome not involved in determining the sex of the organism

31
Q

sex chromosome

A

a chromosome involved in determining the sex of the organism

32
Q

dominant phenotype

A

the phenotype expressed in the heterozygote

33
Q

recessive phenotype

A

the phenotype not expressed in the heterozygote

34
Q

monohybrid cross

A

a crossing involving one gene where one parent is homozygous recessive, the other homozygous dominant, the F1 is heterozygous and the F2 is in a ratio 1:2:1 or 3:1

35
Q

complete dominance

A

the homozygous dominant and the heterozygote have the same phenotype

36
Q

codominance

A

the effect of each allele can be seen in the heterozygote eg., sickle cell anaemia

37
Q

incomplete dominance

A

The heterozygote is a blended phenotype eg., flower colour

38
Q

prototroph

A

With reference to bacteria/fungi an organism that can grow and divide on a substrate of minimal medium which contains inorganic
salts, a carbon source for energy and water

39
Q

auxotroph

A

A mutant organism (as above) which requires a compound to be added to minimal media to grow and divide.

40
Q

pleiotropy

A

a single mutation which simultaneously affects several apparently unrelated aspects of the phenotype

41
Q

phenocopy

A

a phenotype that results from and environmental factor that mimics a genetically caused phenotype mutation

42
Q

lethal allele, lethal genotype, lethal mutation

A

an allele, genotype or mutation which results in death (may be lethal at different stages of development)

43
Q

recessive lethal

A

results in death only in the homozygous state

44
Q

dominant lethal

A

results in death when heterozygous or homozygous

45
Q

hemizygous

A

A sex linked trait where only one copy of the allele is present eg., X linked trait in humans male is hemizygous, or Z linked trait in birds female is hemizygous

46
Q

heterogametic

A

Produces two different types of gametes with respect to sex chromosomes

47
Q

homogametic

A

Produces one type of gamete with respect to the sex chromosomes

48
Q

pseudoautosomal region

A

Homologous regions on the ends of the X and Y chromosome

49
Q

heterogametic sex

A

the sex which has two types of sex chromosome

50
Q

homogametic sex

A

the sex which has one type of sex chromosome

51
Q

hemizygous

A

in XY or ZW genotype the description of the genotype cf.,

homozyous/heterozygous

52
Q

hermaphrodite

A

Having both an active male gonad and female gonad

53
Q

mosaic

A

A mixture of phenotypes

54
Q

Barr body

A

An inactivated X chromosome

55
Q

sex influenced trait

A

Usually autosomal trait seen in both sexes but more commonly in one

56
Q

sex limited trait

A

Usually autosomal trait only seen in one sex however can be transmitted by either sex

57
Q

sex influenced trait

A

Usually autosomal trait seen in both sexes but more commonly in one

58
Q

sex limited trait

A

Usually autosomal trait only seen in one sex however can be transmitted by either sex

59
Q

Didhybrid cross

A

As for monohybrid but involving two gene

60
Q

Test cross

A

A cross to a homozygous individual

61
Q

Back cross

A

A cross back to a parent

62
Q

recessive epistasis

A

interaction between two genes affecting the same phenotypic trait, where the homozygous recessive genotype at one locus masks the effect of the alleles at the other locus eg., coat colour in mice

63
Q

dominant epistasis

A

interaction between two genes affecting the same phenotypic trait, where the allele for the dominant trait at one locus masks the effect of the alleles at the other locus. eg., colour in plants (green/yellow/white)

64
Q

antiserum A

A

serum containing antibody A

65
Q

agglutination

A

The association of blood cells resulting form the interaction of the antigen on the surface of the red blood cell and the corresPponding antibody

66
Q

non recombinant offspring (parental)

A

offspring resulting from a gamete in which with the same allelic arrangement of the parent is seen

67
Q

recombinant offspring

A

offspring resulting from a gamete in which there has been crossing over and recombination between the loci being studied.

68
Q

three point test cross

A

a cross involving three markers (gene loci) on a chromosome

69
Q

single recombinant

A

gametes & offspring resulting from a cross in one region of a three point test cross

70
Q

double recombinant

A

gametes & offspring resulting from a cross over in both regions of a three point test cross

BSC Zoology - Genetics (40 decks)

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