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Ecology > Lecture 16: Pop Dynamics continued > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Pop Dynamics continued Flashcards

1
Q

Special problem of small populations

A

Allee effects may be occurring
Positive density dependence
You need enough individuals before population can exist
Threshold when population drops and will not recover on its own

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2
Q

Small populations more susceptible to

A

stochastic (random) variation- more susceptible to random events
Great chance of complete of population extinction
Greater chance of no reproduction
Stronger genetic drift: great probability of increase of bad alleles and loss of good alleles

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3
Q

All populations are finite and dependent on stochastic variation in…

A

everything!
(rainfall, predator populations, fecundity, surivvial, etc)

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4
Q

Demographic parameters can be strongly influenced by

A

weather

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5
Q

Population dynamics driven by

A

immigration

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6
Q

Metapopulation

A

a set of spatially isolated populations linked to one another by dispersal
Consists of source/sink populations and years

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7
Q

Source population

A

λ > 1, r > 0 (population increasing, constant rate of per capita pop growth)

population is thriving and support individuals to disperse to other areas

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8
Q

Sink population

A

λ < 1, r < 0 (population decreasing, constant rate of per capita pop growth)

population is decreasing, less likely to migrate

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9
Q

Population viability analysis (PVA)

A

Estimate the probability of extinction within
a given time period, given allee effects and
effects of stochastic fluctuations

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10
Q

What is recommended for population viability for maintaining to keep extinction risk ?

A

Population size to maintain to keep extinction risk below 5%

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11
Q

Why is habitat fragmentation bad for population viability?

A

turns big populations into many smaller ones, vulnerable to stochasticity

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12
Q

Habitat fragmentation amelioration (help)

A

Add corridors for species specific effectiveness
One large reserve better than many small reserves
Ex. Fish ladder

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13
Q

Not all individuals contribute in the same way to

A

population dynamics

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14
Q

Type 1 Survivorship Curve

A

Mortality increases with old age

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15
Q

Type II Survivorship curve

A

Constant mortality

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16
Q

Type III

A

High initial mortality for young age

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17
Q

Survivorship curves scale are

A

log/linear scale

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18
Q

Stage structure: Dependence of ____ on individual stage

A

vital rates

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19
Q

Stages include

A

Sex
Age
Size
Developmental stage

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20
Q

Common life history tradeoffs

A

Allocate to current population OR growing bigger first (risking death) and reproducing more

Few large offspring OR many small offspring

21
Q

fast r-selected

A

species that do well under high resource conditions, immediately after disturbance

22
Q

slow k-selected

A

species that are competitive and do well when resources are limiting

23
Q

Community

A

Populations that live together in a defined area

24
Q

Competition

A

(-/-)
interaction hurts both species

25
Q

Predation

A

(+/-)
Benefits one and hurts other

26
Q

Herbivory

A

(+/-)
Benefits one and hurts other

27
Q

Parasitism

A

(+/-)
Benefits one and hurts other

28
Q

Disease

A

(+/-)
Benefits one and hurts other

29
Q

Mutualism

A

(+/+)
each species benefits the other

30
Q

Commensalism

A

(+/0)
One species benefits while the other is unaffected

31
Q

Types of carnivores and their food sources

A
  1. Predator, prey
  2. Parasite, host
  3. Parasitoid, host
  4. Pathogen, host
32
Q

Carnivore: Predator, prey

A

Predator kill and eat all of an individual of a resource species
Predators usually larger than their prey
Ex. Lion, antelope

33
Q

Carnivore: Parasite, host

A

Parasite live off resources of a host, but rarely kill the host
Often lie inside host, usually smaller
Ex. Tick, cow

34
Q

Carnivore: Parasitoid, host

A

Parasitoids are combination parasite/predators
Certain fly or wasp species larvae-live in a host insect, eat it kill it when or just before emerging as adults

Ex. baconoid wasp, tabacco hornworm

35
Q

Carnivore: Pathogen, host

A

A pathogen is a parasite that is a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that causes disease
Much smaller than their hosts
Live in or on the body, may or may not kill the host

Ex. malaria, human
vector: mosquito

36
Q

Types of herbivores

A
  1. Grazers
  2. Browser
36
Q

Herbivore: Grazers

A

Eat mostly grass
Ex. cow

37
Q

Herbivore: Browser

A

twigs and buds also major part of their diet
Ex. deer

38
Q

Other vertebrates herbivores eat grass and also..

A

seeds, nectar, or other plant parts

Ex, hummingbird eating nectar and squirrel eating acorn of trees

39
Q

Herbivore: leaf miners

A

insect larvae that live and feed within the leaf tissue of plants.

40
Q

Most herbivorous insects are

A

specialists on only one or few plant species

41
Q

Plant pathogens

A

plant disease causing microorganisms
Ex. fungi, bacteria, or viruses

42
Q

Why is adaptation for jaws and teeth benefit for herbivores?

A

Grinding surfaces (ex. molars) good for eating plants with lots of cellulose, and lignin like grasses and twigs

43
Q

Why is adaptation for jaws and teeth benefit for carnivores?

A

Shearing surfaces, like canines, have for cutting meat and holding prey
Ex. mountain lion

Long rows of pointed teeth for catching, holding, and eating aquatic prey
Ex. killer whale

44
Q

Adaptations from hiding

A

Hide when predators are present, less time for foraging food
Ex. Bullfrog tadpoles are hunted by fish and dragonfly larvae

45
Q

Crypsis

A

Adaptation of blending with environment to hide from predators

46
Q

Adaptations: mobile escape

A

Ability to sprint at fast speeds to run from predators
Ex. pronghorn antelope

47
Q

Adaptations: physical protection

A

Physical protection helps escape from predators
Ex. shell of turtle to hide, or thorns on plants

Ecology (16 decks)

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