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Ecology > Lecture 10: Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Human influences around the globe

A

Habitat loss
Habitat fragmentation
Species exploitation
Movement of species
Changing nutrient cycles
Global climate change

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2
Q

AAAS Initiative on Climate Change

A
  1. Human caused climate change is happening
  2. We face risks of abrupt, unpredictable and irreversible changes
  3. Responding now will lower risk and cost of taking action
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3
Q

Effects of climate change for humans

A

Heat waves: dangerous for vulnerable populations
Drought: widespread crop failure and disrupt food system
Loss of low lying communities including island countries
Greater frequencies of extreme events and new kind of events (destructive as emergency resources being depleted)

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4
Q

How are we seeing shift in species and community properties from anthropogenic (human caused) pressures on Earth?

A

Plant species richness has decreased
Changes in diversity over time

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5
Q

Small, but consistent changes in _____ can cause major disruptions to ecosystem structure

A

temperature

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6
Q

How are humans changing the world and how does
that influence how we study ecology?

A

Mechanistic understanding of ecosystems will allow us to:
manage ecosystems
predict changes before they occur

Fragmentation, invasive species, global perturbations can be “natural experiments” to aid in our understanding

Combining “natural” with controlled experiments ca make progress in understanding, prediction, and management

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7
Q

Biology is ____ and ____

A

powerful and sensitive

exponential growth and ability to adapt makes biology powerful

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8
Q

Why are we having trouble dealing with climate change despite our knowledge?

A

Caused by collective actions of many individuals

Benefits of changing behavior will not come directly to individuals who change behavior

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9
Q

Solutions toward climate change

A

Developing social norms, form committees, governmental structures at higher levels to help

Using technology, cooperation, and understanding natural systems

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10
Q

Factors to influence Individual’s Physiology

A

Temperature
Water
Obtaining energy

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11
Q

Physiology

A

individual dependence on and species’ adaptations to the environment

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12
Q

Optimum

A

value of environmental variable at which an
important physiological process is maximized (growth, reproduction, survival)

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13
Q

Stress

A

condition in which an environmental change results in a decrease in the rate of an important physiological
process

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14
Q

Ameliorating (improve stress) through:

A

tolerance and avoidance

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15
Q

Tolerance

A

find a way to deal with/live through the challenge

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16
Q

Ex of drought tolerance and avoidance in Plants

A

Drought tolerators: work well at repairing xylem that are
damaged during drought
Drought avoiders: shut down stomata and go into quiescence in drought

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17
Q

Avoidance

A

find a way to get away from the challenge

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18
Q

Acclimation

A

Adjustment in an individual organism to lessen effect of a stressor
Short term, reversible process

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19
Q

Ex of cold tolerance and avoidance for bears

A

Tolerance: thick fur, fat, dark skin
Avoidance: hibernate to avoid cold

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20
Q

Adaptation

A

Traits with a genetic bases in an population that lessen the effect of a stressor
Long-term processes irreversible for an individual
Through specialized for environment, genetic, evolution

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21
Q

Example of adaptations from humans to environment

A

People in andes have higher red blood cell count for greater lung capacity
People in Tibet have higher breathing rate
Adaptations to high altitude and low oxygen

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22
Q

Adaptations often involves _____ influencing ____

A

tradeoffs
growth, survival, or reproduction

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23
Q

Example of tradeoff from adaptations

A

Increasing high red blood cell count may increase survival but comes cost to growth
Adaptive red blood cell count is intermediate value to balance trade off

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24
Q

Climate envelope

A

range of climate conditions under which a species occurs
influences fundamental and realized niche

25
Q

Fundamental niche

A

all of the (abiotic) environments in which a
species could live

26
Q

How does challenges of hot temperature within physical limits effect organisms?

A

rapid water loss
proteins denature

27
Q

Realized niche

A

the actual distribution of the species
Differs from fundamental niche because of disturbance, dispersal ability, interactions with other organisms (competition and facilitation)

28
Q

How does challenges of cold temperature within physical limits effect organisms?

A

Organism have physical limit so too cold causes cells to freeze and burst, chemical reactions slow, enzymatic activity ineffective, and lipid membrane of organelles can solidify

29
Q

Temperature is a stress since

A

Enzymes function most effectively at intermediate temperature
Membranes functioning within cells
Influences water loss rate

30
Q

Changes in an organism’s temperature are influenced by

A

energy balance (inflow outflow of energy)

31
Q

Energy can flow in/out via

A

conduction
convection
latent heat transfer
solar and infrared radiation

32
Q

Conduction

A

direct transfer of energy from warmer, more rapidly moving molecules to cooler, more slowly moving
molecules

33
Q

Convection

A

movement of energy through moving air or
water

34
Q

Plant energy balance with energy input and outputs

A

Energy inputs:
Sunlight and infrared radiation
Conduction and convection from ground, air if warmer

Energy outputs/losses
Emission of infrared radiation
Conduction and convection from ground, air if cooler
Transpiration

35
Q

Latent heat transfer

A

phase transitions in water

36
Q

Solar and infrared radiation

A

Transfer of electromagnetic
energy

37
Q

Plants exist in environments outside their _____

A

optima

38
Q

Leaves are sensitive to

A

temperature/heat

cause adaptations to cool plants

39
Q

Cooling adaptation for leaves

A

Pubescence (reflect more solar radiation to alter temp, lower SR and IR)
Ex. desert shrub harrier in summer

Decreases boundary layer for greater convective cooler (lower H conv)
Ex. many thin small leaves

Evaporation (increase H ET)
High latent heat of vaporization; water absorbs large amount of energy before evaporating to leave organism to be much cooler

Transpiration controlled by plants: stomates closed and open

40
Q

Example of how Snow Lotus adapt to extreme cold

A

Wooly plant of Himalayas
Pubescence: increase boundary layer, decrease convective cooling, trap solar radiation)
Grow close to ground: away from wind, decrease convective cooling

41
Q

Ectotherm

A

Regulate heat through energy exchange with environment
Most animals

42
Q

Endotherm

A

Regulate heat through internal heat generation
Represent H met
Birds and mammals, some fishes and insects

43
Q

For thinking about adaptations or acclimations need to know

A

Organism’s stress (getting hotter or colder than optimum)
Adaptation free flow of energy

44
Q

If organism losing heat to environment across surface area…

A

Layer of air around organism will heat up
Air will slow down this transfer (boundary layer)

45
Q

How can organisms manipulate boundary layer to conserve heat?

A

Protect boundary layer
Have fur, stand out of wind

46
Q

How can organisms manipulate boundary layer to get rid of heat?

A

Disrupt boundary layer
Stand in wind, move around, shed fur

47
Q

All else being equal, are these boundary layer adaptations more effective in small or large organisms?

A

Small organisms

48
Q

Small organisms have _____ for

A

higher surface area to volume ratio
greater ability to move heat across surface area

49
Q

When surface area/ volume approximately a sphere: 3/r

A

r increases, SA/V decreases

50
Q

Ectotherms have greater

A

Greater tolerance in body temperature variation
often same temperature as surrounding
active modulation possible

51
Q

Active modulation in ectotherms

A

Surface area: volume critical
SA:V decreases as animals get bigger
Low SA:V more difficult to modulate heat through environmental modulation
Large ectotherms unlikely; little ability to exchange heat with environment

52
Q

Characteristic of ectotherms

A

Bask in the sun
Susceptible to predators: Good camouflage
Fine tune with distance to ground

53
Q

How do ectotherms adapt to cold temperatures?

A

Avoidance strategy: migration, burrow in the soil
Tolerance: maintain high concentrations of antifreeze proteins in cells
(Generally invertebrates; vertebrates can’t tolerate freezing as well)

54
Q

Endotherms greatly expanded geographic ranges and seasonal activity, but cost is

A

high demand for food supply to support metabolic heat production

55
Q

Metabolic rate in Endotherms

A

function of external temperature, rate of heat loss

56
Q

Small endotherms have ______ per unit biomass compared with bigger endotherms

A

higher basal metabolic rates

57
Q

Thermoneutral zone

A

Seen in endotherms
Range of environmental temperatures well suited to basal metabolic rate
Only minor behavioral and morphological adjustments made to adjust temperature within zone

58
Q

Differences in thermoneutral zone: effect of fur, feathers, fat

A

increases boundary layer
reduce convection
reducce conduction (air, water is good insulator)

59
Q

Topor/ hibernation

A

Endotherm adaptation where alter lower critical temperature during cold periods by entering dormancy
Slows down other functions and just use metabolic rate to keep temperature from killing them
Need to be able to get enough reserves during warm temperature periods to pay for this: difficult in polar regions

Ecology (16 decks)

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