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BIOL21172 - Principles of Developmental Biology > Lecture 16 - Plant Development > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Plant Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Plant Development?

A

Making different parts of the plant

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2
Q

Where does plant development start?

A

From a zygote

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3
Q

Why is plant development important?

A

With growing population more crops for food are needed

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4
Q

How is is plant development different from animal development?

A
  • Some embryogenesis

- Mostly Post-embryonic development

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5
Q

How is the development of lateral organs in plants?

A

It is continuous even after embryogenesis

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6
Q

What is in a phytomer? [3]

A
  • Axillary bud
  • Internode (stem)
  • Leaf.
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7
Q

True or False? Continuous development of plants constantly produces phytomers

A

True

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8
Q

What two organs allow for continuous development for a plant? [2]

A
  • Shoot apical meristem (SAM)

- Root apical meristem (RAM)

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9
Q

Which part of the shoot apical meristem do the leaves form?

A

The periphery

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10
Q

Why can’t plant cells move?

A

They have a very thick cell wall

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11
Q

What are the two orientations of cell division in a plant? [2]

A
  • Anticlinal: At right angles to the surface

- Periclinal: Parallel to the surface

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12
Q

What controls the direction of elongation in leaves?

A
  • Rotudifolia (Rot)

- Anguistofolia (An)

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13
Q

Hoes does Anguistofolia effect elongation?

A

Controls sideways elongation

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14
Q

How does Rotudifolia effect elongation?

A

Controls leaf axis elongation

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15
Q

What is embryogenesis?

A

The process by which the embryo forms and develops

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16
Q

What is in a plant embryo? [5]

A
  • Cotyledons
  • Shoot meristem
  • Hypocytol
  • Radicle (Root)
  • Has polarity (apical/basal)
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17
Q

Why is embryogenesis important?

A

The embryo holds the body plan of the adult plant

18
Q

What are the stages of embryo shape in a plant? [5]

A
  • Globular
  • Heart
  • Torpedo
  • Linear cotyledon
  • Bending cotyledon
19
Q

What is created after the 4th set of divisions?

A

The start of the epidermis lineage

20
Q

In a 8-cell stage embryo of a plant, what does the upper 4 cells become?

A
  • Cotyledons

- Stem apical meristem

21
Q

In a 8-cell stage embryo of a plant, what does the lower 4 cells become?

A
  • Hypocotyl

- Root

22
Q

What are WUSCHEL like homeobox (WOX) genes?

A

Act like Hox genes in plant embryogenesis

23
Q

What is the main task Wox genes perform?

A

They determine the cell division program in the cells

24
Q

What can the loss of Wox8 and Wox9 cause?

A

Abnormal cell divisions in the embryo

25
Q

What does ectopic Wox2 expression in the embryo and suspensor cause?

A

Anticlinal divisions

26
Q

Where is ATML1 primarily expressed?

A

The L1 layer

27
Q

What happens to a ATML1 mutant?

A

It is lethal since early division are defective

28
Q

Where is CUC3 expressed?

A

In the upper half of embryo cells

29
Q

What is the role of CUC3?

A
  • Later turn on STM1 gene in the centre

- These centre cells become the SAM

30
Q

What happens to STM1 mutants?

A

They can not make any SAM

31
Q

What establishes the Cotyledon lineage?

A
  • PHAB (adaxially)

- FIL, KAN (abaxially)

32
Q

What are the key genes during the development of the root lineage? [3]

A
  • PLT1
  • SRT
  • SCR
33
Q

What happens to a LOF PLT mutant?

A

The roots do not grow

34
Q

What during PLT2 over expression?

A

Forms an ectopic root on shoot

35
Q

How can you create a shoot in the root?

A

Express Revoluta in the root area using a Plethora promoter

36
Q

What is the role of Topless?

A

Give apical basal patterning to the embryo

37
Q

What is the role of auxin?

A

To promote cotyledon and root development and growth

38
Q

What is the role of leafycotyledon1 (LEC1)?

A

Important during Late embryogenesis

39
Q

What happens to a LOF leafycotyledon1 (LEC1) mutant?

A

The cotyledons gain trichomes

40
Q

What happens when LEC1 is overexpressed?

A

Embryos form everywhere

BIOL21172 - Principles of Developmental Biology (19 decks)

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