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Genetics > Lecture 16: Infection&Pathogenicity > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Infection&Pathogenicity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the name of a molecule that can recognized as non-self by the immune system?

A

antigen

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2
Q

What type of bacteria often have LPS on their surface?

A

Gram negative

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3
Q

What are 3 chemical barriers pathogens must overcome?

A

Lysozyme (tears), lactoferrin (milk), bacteriocins (microbiota)

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4
Q

How can bacteria pass genes between cells?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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5
Q

Host

A

larger organism that supports the survival and growth of the pathogenic organism

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6
Q

Infection

A
  • microbe grows on/in host
  • May not result in overt symptoms or disease
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7
Q

Infectious disease

A
  • any change from state of health
  • part of all the host is incapacitated due to pathogen or its products
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8
Q

Pathogen

A
  • any organism that causes disease
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9
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A
  • part of the normal microbiota that only causes disease when host is immunocompromised
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10
Q

Pathogenicity

A
  • ability of a pathogen to cause disease
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11
Q

Virulence

A
  • degree of harm inflicted on the host
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12
Q

Extracellular pathogens

A
  • remain in tissues and fluids but never enter host cells during disease
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13
Q

Intracellular pathogens

A
  • grows and multiply within host cells
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14
Q

Facultative intracellular pathogens

A
  • reside within the cells of the host or in the environment
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15
Q

Obligate intracellular pathogens

A
  • ONLY grow inside the host cells
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16
Q

Infectious disease course

A
  1. incubation period
  2. prodromal stage
  3. illness period
  4. convalescence
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17
Q

Incubation period

A
  • time between pathogen entry and development of signs and symptoms
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18
Q

Prodromal stage

A
  • Mild, non specific signs and symptoms
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19
Q

illness period

A
  • disease is most severe ad display signs and symptoms
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20
Q

Convalescence

A
  • recovery stage
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21
Q

The host provides the pathogen:

A
  1. protection
  2. nutrients
  3. energy to use
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22
Q

Reservoir

A
  • source of pathogens
  • natural environmental location in which the pathogen normally resides
23
Q

Vector

A
  • organism that spreads disease from one host to another
  • ex. mosquitos, ticks, fleas, mites, or biting flies
24
Q

Direct transmission

A
  1. droplets: saliva, mucus
  2. horizontal contact: kissing, sex
  3. vertical contact: mother to child, herpes
  4. vector: infection passed by another animal
25
Q

Indirect transmission

A
  1. Fomites: mediated by inanimate object
  2. fecal/oral: contaminated food and water
  3. Aerosols: particles that remain in air (Covid19)
26
Q

Portal of entry

A
  • skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital system
  • attachment of microbe to target cell is first
27
Q

Colonization

A
  • establish a site of microbial replication on or within host
28
Q

Adherence mechanisms

A
  • adhesions have high degree of specificity to target tissues
29
Q

Adherence structures

A
  1. pili
  2. fimbriae
  3. membrane and capsular materials
  4. specialized adhesion molecules on microbe’s cell surface
30
Q

Bacteremia

A
  • invasion
  • presence of viable bacteria in the blood
31
Q

Septicemia

A
  • bacterial or fungal toxins in the blood
32
Q

Surviving host defenses

A
  • survive and replicate inside host cells
  • squeeze between host cells
  • produce type VI secretion system
  • make capsules to avoid phagocytosis
33
Q

suppression of host immune response

A
  • infect cells of the immune system and diminish their function while ensuring their own survival
  • eliminate O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide to diminish immune recognition and clearance
34
Q

Mucoid capsule

A
  • prevents phagocytosis by host immune cells
35
Q

Phase variation

A
  • changing gene expression to hide from host immune system
  • results in new, unrecognized antigens on surface
36
Q

Biofilm

A
  • protected fro nutrient deprivation, predators, antimicrobial agents and host immune cells
37
Q

Virulence factors

A
  • large segemnts of bacterial chromosomal and plasmid DNA found to encode
38
Q

Pathogenicity islands

A
  • increase bacterial virulence
  • absent in nonpathogenic members of sam genus or species
  • genes can spread from one bacterial cell to another
39
Q

Toxin

A
  • substance that disrupts the normal metabolism of host cells
40
Q

Toxigenicity

A
  • pathogen’s ability to produce toxins
41
Q

Intoxications

A
  • disease that result from entry of a specific pre-formed toxin into host
42
Q

Damage to the host (Exotoxins)

A
  • heat-labile proteins
  • travel from site of infection to other body tissues or target cells
  • encoded by genes on plasmids or prophages within bacteria
43
Q

Superantigens

A
  • stimulate abt 30% of host T cells of the immune system
  • causes T cells to over-express genes that encode cytokines and release pro-inflammatory molecules
44
Q

Damage to the host (Endotoxins)

A
  1. Heat stable
  2. Toxic
  3. Generally similar, despite source
  4. Cause general system effect: ex. fever
45
Q

Damage to the host (Endotoxins- LPS)

A
  • gram negative cell wall toxic to mammals
  • endotoxin bc bounds to bacterium and released when the microorganism lyses
  • toxic component is the lipid portion, lipid A
46
Q

Mycotoxins

A
  • toxins produced by fungi
  • common contaminants of food crops
  • contaminate water- damaged buildings
  • produce hallucinogen lysergic acid (LSD)
47
Q

Active immunity

A
  • results from production of antibodies by immune system in response to antigen
48
Q

Active immunity - natural

A

recovery from a past infection

49
Q

Active immunity- artifical

A
  • immune response stimulated by vaccination
50
Q

Passive immunity

A
  • acquired from something other than your own immune system
51
Q

Passive immunity- natural

A
  • transmission of IgA from mother to infact
52
Q

Passive immunity- artifical

A
  • direct injection of antibodies (after rabies exposure)
53
Q
A

Genetics (6 decks)

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