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Genetics > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

RNAi

A
  • RNA interference
  • Process whereby the expression of a gene is silenced by the presence of small double stranded RNA
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2
Q

3 stages of gene expression

A
  • replication
  • transcription
  • translation
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3
Q

Replication

A
  • the DNA replicates its information in a process that involves enzymes
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4
Q

Transcription

A
  • DNA codes for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is processed and migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
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5
Q

Translation

A
  • mRNA carries coded information to ribosomes
  • Ribosomes “read” this information and use it for protein synthesis
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6
Q

DNA to RNA

A
  • transcription
  • located in nucleus
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7
Q

RNA to Protein

A
  • translation
  • located in the cytoplasm
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8
Q

Stages- replication

A
  • DNA duplicates
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9
Q

Stages- Transcription

A
  • RNA synthesis
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10
Q

Stages- translation

A
  • Protein synthesis
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11
Q

Discovery of RNAi

A
  • aim: overexpress Chalcone synthase (CHS)
  • Method: incubated wild type petunias with plasmid DNA
  • result: 42% of plants had leaves that were completely white or contained white patterns with purple
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12
Q

Applications of RNAi

A
  • biotechnology
  • interrupt expression of specific genes
  • therapeutic or medical applications
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13
Q

Biotechnology

A
  • RNAi can be used to create allergen free plants and fruits
  • allergen free tomato generated by RNAi
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14
Q

RNAI therapy

A
  • used to treat diseases
  • any disease or infection caused by: overproduction of a normal protein, production of an abnormal protein
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15
Q

Diseases that benefit from RNAi

A
  • Huntington’s disease
  • Breast cancer
  • ovarian cancer
  • Frederick ataxia
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16
Q

Obstacles faced by RNAi therapy (Know 3)

A
  • delivery
  • Stability
  • specific targeting to disease response
  • Activation of interferon response
  • Saturation of RISC
  • Persistence of silencing effects
17
Q

Administering RNAi for therapy

A
  • extract stem cells
  • genetically alter them with RNAi and then put them back in patients
  • inhaling them for respiratory infections
  • Inject directly to affected tissue
18
Q

Posttranscriptional Regulation

A
  • Introns are spliced out of pre-mRNAs to produce the mature mRNA that is translated
  • Alternative splicing recognizes different splice sites in different tissue types
  • Mature mRNAs in each tissue posses different exons, resulting in different polypeptide products from the same gene
19
Q

Alternative Splicing

A
  • many primer transcripts can be spliced in different ways to give rise to multiple mRNAs
20
Q

RNA editing

A
  • creates mature mRNA that are not truly encoded by the genome
21
Q

Zinc finger motif

A
  • DNA binding motif
  • Location: Eukaryotic regulatory and other proteins
  • Characteristics: Loop of amino acids with zinc at base
  • Binding site of DNA: Major groove
22
Q

Leucine Zipper motif

A
  • DNA binding motif
  • Location: Eukaryotic transcription factor
  • Characteristics: Helix of leucine and a basic arm
  • Binding site: Two adjacent major grooves
23
Q

Helix loop helix motif

A
  • DNA binding motif
  • Location: Eukaryotic proteins
  • Characteristics: Two alpha helices separated by a loop of amino acids
  • Binding site in DNA: Major groove
24
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into

A

Chromatin

25
Q

How to control gene expression post transcriptionally?

A
  • RNA interference
  • alternative splicing
  • RNA editing
  • mRNA degradation
26
Q

two main types of RNAi

A
  • microRNA (miRNA)
  • Small interfering RNA (siRNA)
27
Q

siRNA

A
  • targets specific gene
28
Q

miRNA

A
  • rogue (target gene other than designed for)
29
Q

RISC

A
  • RNA reduced silencing complex
30
Q

Similarity between miRNA and siRNA

A
  • Same size (21-25 nucleotides)

Genetics (6 decks)

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