Lecture 16: Individual Differences in Motor Behaviour Flashcards
Abilities
stable traits that underlie/support persons skill
-genetic component
-not completely trainable
history of individual differences and abilities
-post WW2, emergence of the study for pilot selection
Prediction of motor ability: Fleishman
-argued we could predict motor skill learning from differences in abilities
-most important predictor for skill acquisition id # hours practices (experience)
Fleishman experiment & findings
-bi manual navigation tasks
-concluded the ability of participants facilitated learning
-individual differences in perceptual motor ability may predict learning
issues with Fleishman Research
-experience or access using these types of devices like people who play video games would show more transfer than those who dont
Early Studies
-goal was to det. motor aptitude test
-relationships are correlational rather than interventional
Nature in motor learning
ABILITIES
-inherited traits
-stable & enduring
-genetics
Nurture in motor learning
SKILL
-ability developed with practice
-skills easily modified
3 main areas of concern for people looking to take on individual differences in research
- Differences in initial performance
- Differences in rate of skill acquisition
- Differences in maximum skill levels
Differences in task performacne (exception of newborns)
-when an individual encounters a new task there is always some degree of transfer
-transfer can be positive or negative
psoitive transfer
experience helps the learner perform a new skill
negative transfer
experience hinders performers new skill
example of negative transfer
driving on opposite side of the road
individual differences in rate of skill learning
better learners may have abilities and skills that positively affect transfer
high vs low ability score
those with high ability score will have a low difference score and those with low ability score with have high difference score
relationship between ability score and difference score
-ve correlation between ability and difference score
Wechsler 1952 difference between best and worst performers
best performer is 3x the amount of productivity as the next best performer
*difficult to determine if this is related to abilities
Fleishman and Hempel 1954, 1955 theroretical explanation
intellectual and cogntive ability facilitated early performance and acquisition of motor skills, later performance was based on task specific abilties
Limitations to fleishman and hempel therortical explanation
-general ability is important for initial skill learning
-performance can only be predicted after practice
three phases of theory of individual differences: Ackerman and Kyllonen 1991
- Initial learning
- integration and consolidation
- skilled performance becomes more proceduralized
Phase 1 theory of individual differences
INITIAL LEARNING
-strong attentional and cognitive demands
-general intelligence is mos important
Phase 2 theory of individual differences
INTEGRATION AND CONSOLIDATION
-attnetional demands streamliend
-use more complex processing than just perception
-thought o be associated with the ability to chain responses
Phase 3 of the therory of individual differences
SKILLED PERFORMANCE COMES MORe PROCEDURALIZED
-more movement fluidity
-attentional demands reduced
studies supporting theory of individual differences
-support declining relationship between cognitive ability and motor capacity (NOT the 3 stage theory)
-mixed evidence
Ackerman and Cianciolo 2000
-reviewd own studies
-combinations of perceptual speed tests were corelated with performance
is RT predictive of ability to learn
not outside of ackerman study
support for deliberate practice
-if proper practice conditions are met, practice improves performance
reccomendations
-invest in everyone
-more grassroots focus, greater pool of players, more likely to generate an environment that fosters more skill acquisition
-also achieves larger goal of promoting PA
support for relevance of abilities
moderate to weak
what happens if we focus on practice conditions
supports idea that this may overcome initial differences in abilities
