Lecture 16: Individual Differences in Motor Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Abilities

A

stable traits that underlie/support persons skill
-genetic component
-not completely trainable

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2
Q

history of individual differences and abilities

A

-post WW2, emergence of the study for pilot selection

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3
Q

Prediction of motor ability: Fleishman

A

-argued we could predict motor skill learning from differences in abilities
-most important predictor for skill acquisition id # hours practices (experience)

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4
Q

Fleishman experiment & findings

A

-bi manual navigation tasks
-concluded the ability of participants facilitated learning
-individual differences in perceptual motor ability may predict learning

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5
Q

issues with Fleishman Research

A

-experience or access using these types of devices like people who play video games would show more transfer than those who dont

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6
Q

Early Studies

A

-goal was to det. motor aptitude test
-relationships are correlational rather than interventional

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7
Q

Nature in motor learning

A

ABILITIES

-inherited traits
-stable & enduring
-genetics

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8
Q

Nurture in motor learning

A

SKILL

-ability developed with practice
-skills easily modified

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9
Q

3 main areas of concern for people looking to take on individual differences in research

A
  1. Differences in initial performance
  2. Differences in rate of skill acquisition
  3. Differences in maximum skill levels
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10
Q

Differences in task performacne (exception of newborns)

A

-when an individual encounters a new task there is always some degree of transfer
-transfer can be positive or negative

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11
Q

psoitive transfer

A

experience helps the learner perform a new skill

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12
Q

negative transfer

A

experience hinders performers new skill

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13
Q

example of negative transfer

A

driving on opposite side of the road

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14
Q

individual differences in rate of skill learning

A

better learners may have abilities and skills that positively affect transfer

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15
Q

high vs low ability score

A

those with high ability score will have a low difference score and those with low ability score with have high difference score

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16
Q

relationship between ability score and difference score

A

-ve correlation between ability and difference score

17
Q

Wechsler 1952 difference between best and worst performers

A

best performer is 3x the amount of productivity as the next best performer

*difficult to determine if this is related to abilities

18
Q

Fleishman and Hempel 1954, 1955 theroretical explanation

A

intellectual and cogntive ability facilitated early performance and acquisition of motor skills, later performance was based on task specific abilties

19
Q

Limitations to fleishman and hempel therortical explanation

A

-general ability is important for initial skill learning
-performance can only be predicted after practice

20
Q

three phases of theory of individual differences: Ackerman and Kyllonen 1991

A
  1. Initial learning
  2. integration and consolidation
  3. skilled performance becomes more proceduralized
21
Q

Phase 1 theory of individual differences

A

INITIAL LEARNING

-strong attentional and cognitive demands
-general intelligence is mos important

22
Q

Phase 2 theory of individual differences

A

INTEGRATION AND CONSOLIDATION

-attnetional demands streamliend
-use more complex processing than just perception
-thought o be associated with the ability to chain responses

23
Q

Phase 3 of the therory of individual differences

A

SKILLED PERFORMANCE COMES MORe PROCEDURALIZED
-more movement fluidity
-attentional demands reduced

24
Q

studies supporting theory of individual differences

A

-support declining relationship between cognitive ability and motor capacity (NOT the 3 stage theory)
-mixed evidence

25
Ackerman and Cianciolo 2000
-reviewd own studies -combinations of perceptual speed tests were corelated with performance
26
is RT predictive of ability to learn
not outside of ackerman study
27
support for deliberate practice
-if proper practice conditions are met, practice improves performance
28
reccomendations
-invest in everyone -more grassroots focus, greater pool of players, more likely to generate an environment that fosters more skill acquisition -also achieves larger goal of promoting PA
29
support for relevance of abilities
moderate to weak
30
what happens if we focus on practice conditions
supports idea that this may overcome initial differences in abilities