Lecture 16: Emotional Development Flashcards
1
Q
What are Ekman’s basic emotions?
A
- (1992), outlines characteristics of basic emotions:
- Disgust
- Anger
- Surprise
- Contempt/Joy
- Fear
- Sadness
- Debated: Ekman models are trained. Feeling no emotions. Spontaneous - Feeling the emotions.
2
Q
What develops in first years of Life?
A
- Born with minimal expression & feelings.
- Infant expressions are not equivalent to adult expressions.
- Disgust
- Happy
- Interest licking and sucking.
- It is clear that expressions are in response to stimuli, but are not in response to social stimuli.
- Neonatal emotional expressions interacts with socialisation from birth in chimpanzees.
- Peek- a - boo with a 4 month human infant from UK. - Emotional engagement with tickles and laughs. Lots of mutual gaze. By 3 months, happiness clearly linked with social stimuli.
- fears to certain events develop around 7-9 months. *Emotional communication - social referencing.
3
Q
How are fetal facial expressions displayed?
A
- 1 facial movement @ 24 weeks - at 32wk see gestalts of laughter/cry.
- 4D ultrasounds visualisation reveals details of facial movement.
- Expressions evident but not linked with stimuli.
4
Q
What is happiness in the first years of life?
A
- Duchenne Smiles = felt smiles.
- Digitally manipulated baby faces to include AU6 (or not).
- Found people rated happy expressions as more happy.
- Distress expressions as more distressed if AU6 is present.
5
Q
What is Anger in the first years of life?
A
- Components of the anger face may be present in cry faces of young infants.
- But anger faces are readily identifiable by 4 months and more clear by 7 months.
- Often emotion is defined by experimental context:
- Response to restraint (up to 3 min)
- Response to biscuit taken away & held out of reach.
- Anger develops across the first year of life in human and chimpanzee infants.
- Older v Younger infants express more anger and in a wider variety of circumstances.
- Seems to be an adaptive response
- Defend self or overcome obstacles.
- Expressing anger motivates caretakers to alleviate distress to not cause them distress.
- Discrete emotion of anger - same test given to two groups of nursery - reared chimpanzees.
- More infant chimpanzees show mad face when reared in responsive care compared to standard care.
6
Q
What is sadness in the first year of life?
A
- Infants less often sad than angry.
* but often sad in contexts of breaks of interpersonal connectedness.
7
Q
What emotions are developed further in childhood and adolescence?
A
- Pride
- Smiling through the tears
- Putting on a brave face
- more complex/blended/mixed emotions & expressions are developed as they get older.
- with development of inhibitory control
- develops after understanding display rules & how to violate them.
8
Q
What is empathy?
A
*an emotional state triggered by another’s emotional state (2008);mature form= awareness of self & other; usually pro social.
- Different Modes
- Automatic & occur preverbally mimicry
- Conditioning association
- More cognitive - verbally mediated association - perspective taking.
*helping, sharing, sympathising with another’s distress.
9
Q
What is Hoffmans developmental theory of empathy?
A
- Developed theory of empathy. Children distinguish among causes of distress and respond differently.
- global empathic distress: newborn reactive cry - stops by 6months
- Egocentric empathetic distress (11-12 months) motive to reduce own distress caused by another’s distress.
- Quasi - egocentric empathetic distress (13-14 months) - attempt to calm other by giving other something that calms self. Develops into sympathetic distress - desire to help other in distress.
- Veridical empathy - (24 months with MSR) - empathise with awareness, take others perspective, help appropriately this matures with growing awareness of causes, correlates & consequences of others distress.
(Infants like helping because of their socialisation not because of genes)
10
Q
What are self - conscious emotions?
A
- they develop around 18-24 months.
- embarrassment - negative feelings - show off the self.
- This type of emotion requires self concept and varies with socialisation experiences.
– they become aware of themselves away from others.
11
Q
What is attachment?
A
- An enduring emotional bond
- between baby and specific, significant other.
- infants seek proximity
- infants are distressed in absence
- infants are happy when reunited after separation.
- infants orient action & attention to attachment figure.
- emotional bond from 3 months
- infants 7-9 months differentiate mother from stranger
- show preference for mother & wariness of stranger usually tested around 12 months when locomotion occurs.
12
Q
Why did Freud argue that attachment occurs?
A
- Cupboard theory (drive reduction explanation)
- need for the mother is primary
- 1st love object is the breast.
13
Q
Why did Erikson argue that attachment occurs?
A
- psychological explanation
* infants bond with people with whom they develop trust.
14
Q
Why did Bowlby argue that attachment occurs?
A
- evolutionary explanation
- built in tendency to seek contact with caregiver protection from predators.
- based on ethnological study of monkeys
- observations of children separated from parents (protest, despair, detachment)
- Evidence - supported by numerous separation studies. Caregivers offer protection to infants.
15
Q
What ethological views on attachment are there?
A
- pre attachment phase - (birth to 6 weeks) baby sends and receives signals. Recognition of caregiver, but no true attachment.
- attachment in the making - (6 weeks to 8 months) infants respond differently to familiar caregivers develop sense of trust.
- clear cut attachment - (6/8 months to 18/24 months) separation anxiety. Maintain proximity to caregiver. Secure base.
- Formation of reciprocal relationship - (18/24 months to older) increased understanding & representational ability, tolerate separations, predict return, internal working model- set of expectations
