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Neuroanatomy Block 3 > Lecture 16/17: Vision > Flashcards

Lecture 16/17: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Cornea

A

Thick inelastic collagen Outer wall of eye Clear Fibers are parallel

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2
Q

Sclera

A

Thick inelastic collagen Opaque Randomly oriented fibers

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3
Q

Anterior Chamber

A

Between cornea and iris Clear watery aqueous humor

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4
Q

Iris

A

Vascular muscular diaphragm Has the pupil Controls diameter of pupil which is under neural control

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5
Q

Lens

A

Refracts light Optically clear and flexible

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6
Q

Ciliary Muscle

A

Connects lens to scleral wall Affects shape of lens Independent of iris/pupil

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7
Q

Vitreous Chamber

A

Optically empty inner cavity of eye Forces retina to remain in place against sclera

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8
Q

Retina and Choroid

A

Neural and vascular layers lining the inside of the scleral wall

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9
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Collection of retinal nerve axons Transmits information to optic chiasm, then optic tract, lateral geniculate body

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10
Q

Hyaloid Canal

A

Potential structure Tube left over from embryo when eye starts as tube

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11
Q

Where is the largest amount of refraction in the eye?

A

Air-Tear interface

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12
Q

Accomodation

A

Change of lens shape to change focus

Alters refractive power of lens

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13
Q

Natural state of the eye lens

A

Round Ciliary muscle contracts to let the lens be more round

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14
Q

Control of Accomodation

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus CN III Ciliary ganglion Ciliary Nerve Ciliary Muscle

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15
Q

How does the eye achieve an increased depth of field?

A

Constricts the pupil

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16
Q

Sphincter Pupillae

A

Circular muscle: Constricts pupil size Parasympathetic control Pathway: 1. EW 2. CN III 3. Ciliary ganglion 4. Ciliary Nerve 5. Sphincter

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17
Q

Dilator Pupillae

A

Increases pupil size Sympathetic control Pathway: 1. Lateral Horn 2. Cervical Ganglion 3. Ciliary Nerve 4. Dilator muscle

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18
Q

What occurs when the pathway to the Dilator Pupillae is interrupted?

A

Horner’s Syndrome

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19
Q

Sympathetic Agonist that dilates pupil

A

Epinephrine and congeners

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20
Q

Parasympathetic Agonist that contricts the pupil

A

Acetylcholine Pilocarpine

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21
Q

Parasympathetic Antagonist that dilates the pupil

A

Atropine Homatropine Cyclopentolate Tropicamide

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22
Q

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

A

Supports photoreceptors Absorbs light and heat to prevent damage

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23
Q

Rods and Cones

A

Change light energy to synaptic energy

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24
Q

Interneurons

A

Relay, process, and modify image signals within retina

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25
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Relay, process, and modify image signals TO BRAIN

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26
Q

Rod Cells

A

No color perception Great numbers in periphery, little in center Very sensitive: Perhaps 1000 rods to one ganglion cell

27
Q

Cone cells

A

Color vision Insensitive Located mostly in central retina Often 1:1 connections to interneurons which allows detail

28
Q

Peripheral Retina

A

Rods only Lots of rods per ganglion cell Very sensitive No color Image locator

29
Q

Central Retina

A

Cones mostly Usually 1:1 with ganglion cell Image resolution/analysis

30
Q

Why does color blindness come about?

A

A type of cone cell is missing a pigment

31
Q

Nerve path from lateral eye to optic nerve

A

Up and around

32
Q

Deficit observed if lesion

A
  1. No right eye vison
  2. Same as 1
  3. Both temporal sides
  4. No left side vision
33
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Inputs from both eyes are organized and overlaid

Right and Left fields become joined

Fibers from nasal retina cross

34
Q

What vision deficits would occur?

A

A. Blindness of ipsilateral eye

B. Bitemporal or Heteronymous hemianopsia

C. Unilateral nasal hemianopsia

D. Homonymous hemianopsia

E. Upper quadrant hemianopsia

F. Lower quadrant hemianopsia

35
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway

A
  1. Retinal/Ganglion Cells
  2. Optic Nerve
  3. Optic Chiasm
  4. Optic Tract
  5. Skips LGN
  6. Pretectal Nucleus
36
Q

Pupillary Light Processing Center

A

Inputs bilateral

Output to Edinger Westphal is bilateral

Summation and Averaging

37
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex Efferent Pathway

A
  1. Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
  2. CN III
  3. Ciliary Ganglion in orbit
  4. Ciliary Nerves through sclera
  5. Pupillary Sphincter
38
Q

Posterior Chamber

A

Area between the iris and the lens

39
Q

Ciliary Body

A

Produces aqueous fluid at lateral edge of posterior chamber

40
Q

Canal of Schlemm

A

Aqueous fluid passes through here to be resorbed

If blocked, can cause increased pressure

41
Q

Zonule fibers

A

Suspend the lens from the peripheral ciliary body

42
Q

What does the eye naturally focus on?

A

Things farther than 20 feet away

43
Q

What happens when the ciliary muscle contracts

A

Since it is circular muscle fibers, the diameter will get smaller and relax the zonule fibers, letting the lens become more round

44
Q

What controls the ciliary muscle?

A

Parasympathetics via EW nucleus

45
Q

If everything is normal, what happens when you shine light in one eye?

A

Both pupils will constrict

46
Q

Light test: R eye doesn’t constrict with ipsilateral light

Constricts with contralateral light

A

Only the optic nerve of the R eye is damaged

47
Q

Light test: The R eye doesn’t constrict with light in either eye

The L eye still constricts with light in both eyes

A

Oculomotor nerve/nucleus of the R eye is damaged

48
Q

Mueller’s Muscle

A

Smooth muscle that helps open the upper eyelid

Disabled in Horner’s Syndrome

49
Q

What are the two different layers of the retina?

A

Nuclear- cell bodies

Plexiform- Axons and dendritic processes

50
Q

What are the four layers of the retina specifically called?

A
  1. Starting from outer
  2. Photoreceptor Layer- light transducing cells
  3. Interneuron layer
  4. Ganglion cell layer- cell bodies
  5. Nerve fiber layer- axons to the optic nerve
51
Q

Optic Disc

A

Place in retina where nerves leave and blood vessels enter the eye

52
Q

Fovea

A

Half thickness

Specialized best acuity in center vision

53
Q

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

A

Contains melanin

Prevents scatter of light and acts as heat sink

54
Q

Where are cone cells greatest in number?

A

Fovea; center

55
Q

Where are rods greatest in number?

A

Perifovea, periphery

56
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Pigment in rods

Only indicates presence or absence of light

57
Q

Lamina Cribrosa

A

Barrier where the optic nerve leaves the eye that separates CSF from fluid in the eye

58
Q

Where do ganglion cells first become myelinated?

A

When they leave the eye

Myelin absorbs light

59
Q

Optic tract

A

Optic nerves after they have passed through the optic chiasm

60
Q

Lateral Geniculate Body

A

Left sees right and vice versa

Topographically aligns retinal projections

Segregates visual signals

Gateway that controls signals to cortex

61
Q

Other names for Primary Visual Cortex

A
  1. V1 in occipital lobe
  2. Area 17
  3. Stria of Gennari
  4. Striate Cortex
  5. Calcarine Cortex
62
Q

Describe the light reflex for a damaged right optic nerve

A
63
Q

Describe the light reflex for a damaged right oculomotor nerve

A

Neuroanatomy Block 3 (18 decks)

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