Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO304 > Lecture 16 + 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 + 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What types of neurons should be mapped if examining excitatory nervous system circuits? (2)

A

Glutamatergic and cholinergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What types of neurons should be mapped if examining inhibitory nervous system circuits? (2)

A

GABAergic and glycinergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Allan mouse brain atlas?

A

Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in mouse brain created using in situ hybridization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of ACh in neuromuscular junctions?

A

Generation of post-synaptic depolarization activates pentameric ionotropic cys-loop channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cholinergic neuron gene marker

A

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is ACh secreted from in the CNS?

A

Axonal swellings (varicosities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define volume transmission

A

Axonal swelling secretion and diffusion of neurotransmitters into extracellular environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What function do pre-synaptic nAChR’s have?

A

Boost neurotransmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

AMPA/Kainate receptor blocker

A

CNQX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a muscarinic receptor?

A

Receptor which can be activated by fungal toxin muscarine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of the G_q -> phospholipase C (PLC) -> protein kinase C (PKC) pathway?

A

Drives post-synaptic excitation in hippocampus through increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ and PKC activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mAChR activation leads to inhibition of what K+ channels? (2)

A

M-type K_v channels

Ca2+ activated SK channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do M1/M3 mAChRs inhibit M-type K_v channels?

A

PIP2 is required for M-type K_v channel activity. mAChR activation results in decrease in PIP2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of M1/M3 mAChR activation on pyramidal neurons?

A

Increased excitability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What two neurological functions are pyramidal neurons important for?

A

Attention and memory formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can volume transmittion of ACh cause pre- and post-synaptic inhibitory effects?

A

M2/M4 mAChRs inhibit pre-synaptic Ca2+ channels and activate post-synaptic K+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

M2/M4 mAChR blocker

A

Atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the effects of atropine? (2)

A
  1. M2/M4 blocking

2. Enhanced ACh secretion in cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why does atropine result in increased ACh secretion?

A
  1. Attenuated M2/M4 mAChRs
  2. Loss of active G_O complex
  3. Loss of pre-synaptic Ca_v2 channel inhibition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do cholinergic pathways in the brain modulate?

A

Neural circuits involved in attention and memory formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Degeneration of what neurons are associated with Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Cholinergic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List 3 iGluRs

A
  1. NMDA receptors
  2. AMPA receptors
  3. Kainate receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is NMDA selective for, and what process are they involved with?

A

Ca2+ selective, Mg2+ block

Involved with synaptic plasticity

24
Q

What is AMPA selective for, and what process are they involved with?

A

Non-selective

Predominant drivers of EPSP

25
Gene marker for glutamatergic neurons
Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) aka solute carrier family 17
26
What are pyramidal neurons? (3)
1. Pyramidally shaped soma 2. Complex dendritic structure (numerous excitatory/inibitory imputs) 3. Single axon that fires as consequence of synaptic integration
27
What two brain areas have been focused in research on plasticity relating to learning and memory?
Hippocampus | Dentate gyrus
28
Post-synaptic potentiation at glutamatergic synapses involves:
Voltage dependent removal of NMDA receptor Mg2+ block
29
How is the NMDA receptor Mg2+ block removed?
Ca2+-dependent activation of calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)
30
Sustained long-term changes in synaptic strength involves:
Nuclear signalling by Ca_V1 (L-type) voltage-gated calcium channels
31
What does glutamate activate in the CNS?
Slow metabotropic GPCRs (G_q, G_i/G_o)
32
How does glutamate activate G_q?
mGluRs 1 and 5
33
How does glutamate activate G_i/G_o?
mGluRs 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8
34
mGluRs 1 and 5 increase post-synaptic excitability by: (2)
1. Reducing M-type K+ channel activity | 2. Reducing Ca2+ sensitivity for SK channels
35
What is a role of excitatory glutamatergic circuitry?
Carrying of sensory information
36
Convulsions/seizures and cell death following stroke are caused by
Excessive glutamatergic excitation
37
Cys-loop ligand-gated chloride channels are activated by
GABA and glycine
38
In the cortex and midbrain, what is the pridominant inhibitory transmitter?
GABA
39
In the brainstem and spinal cord, what is the predominant inhibitory transmitter?
Glycine
40
What is the function of GABA_A receptors?
Mediate fast synaptic IPSPs
41
Gene markers for GABAergic neurons (2)
1. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) | 2. Membrane GABA transporter
42
GABA_A receptor agonists are:
Sedatives/anticonvulsants
43
Disruption of GABA_A receptors causes:
Excessive activity in excitatory neural circuits (convulsions, seizures)
44
Through what receptor does GABA activate G_i/G_o pathways?
GABA-B
45
What two types GABA_B form the functional heterodimer? What are their functions?
GABA_B1: detects GABA ligand GABA_B2: activation of G proteins
46
What is the function of GABA activated GIRK channels?
Suppression of post-synaptic excitation (slow inhibition)
47
What are bigenic amines?
Small carbon-based molecules with 1+ anime groups (derived from amino acids)
48
Where are the cell bodies for aminergic neurons located (except histamine)?
Brain stem 'nuclei' (locus coeruleus)
49
What G protein pathways can norepinephrine activate?
All of them (G_s, G_q, G_i/G_o)
50
Marker for norephinephrine receptors
Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
51
Which biogenic amine activates ionotropic receptors?
Serotonin
52
Marker for serotonin receptors
Typtophan hydroxylase 2
53
What G protein pathways can dopamine activate?
G_S, G_i/G_o
54
Markers for dopamine (2)receptors
Tyrosine hydroxylase | PM dopamine transporter
55
What G protein pathways can histamine activate?
All of them
56
Marker for histamine receptors
Histidine decarboxylase

BIO304 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions