Lecture 16 + 17 Flashcards
What types of neurons should be mapped if examining excitatory nervous system circuits? (2)
Glutamatergic and cholinergic
What types of neurons should be mapped if examining inhibitory nervous system circuits? (2)
GABAergic and glycinergic
What is the Allan mouse brain atlas?
Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in mouse brain created using in situ hybridization
What is the role of ACh in neuromuscular junctions?
Generation of post-synaptic depolarization activates pentameric ionotropic cys-loop channels
Cholinergic neuron gene marker
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
Where is ACh secreted from in the CNS?
Axonal swellings (varicosities)
Define volume transmission
Axonal swelling secretion and diffusion of neurotransmitters into extracellular environment
What function do pre-synaptic nAChR’s have?
Boost neurotransmission
AMPA/Kainate receptor blocker
CNQX
What is a muscarinic receptor?
Receptor which can be activated by fungal toxin muscarine
What is the role of the G_q -> phospholipase C (PLC) -> protein kinase C (PKC) pathway?
Drives post-synaptic excitation in hippocampus through increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ and PKC activation
mAChR activation leads to inhibition of what K+ channels? (2)
M-type K_v channels
Ca2+ activated SK channels
How do M1/M3 mAChRs inhibit M-type K_v channels?
PIP2 is required for M-type K_v channel activity. mAChR activation results in decrease in PIP2.
What is the effect of M1/M3 mAChR activation on pyramidal neurons?
Increased excitability
What two neurological functions are pyramidal neurons important for?
Attention and memory formation
How can volume transmittion of ACh cause pre- and post-synaptic inhibitory effects?
M2/M4 mAChRs inhibit pre-synaptic Ca2+ channels and activate post-synaptic K+ channels
M2/M4 mAChR blocker
Atropine
What are the effects of atropine? (2)
- M2/M4 blocking
2. Enhanced ACh secretion in cerebral cortex
Why does atropine result in increased ACh secretion?
- Attenuated M2/M4 mAChRs
- Loss of active G_O complex
- Loss of pre-synaptic Ca_v2 channel inhibition
What do cholinergic pathways in the brain modulate?
Neural circuits involved in attention and memory formation
Degeneration of what neurons are associated with Alzheimer’s disease?
Cholinergic neurons
List 3 iGluRs
- NMDA receptors
- AMPA receptors
- Kainate receptors
What is NMDA selective for, and what process are they involved with?
Ca2+ selective, Mg2+ block
Involved with synaptic plasticity
What is AMPA selective for, and what process are they involved with?
Non-selective
Predominant drivers of EPSP
Gene marker for glutamatergic neurons
Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) aka solute carrier family 17
What are pyramidal neurons? (3)
- Pyramidally shaped soma
- Complex dendritic structure (numerous excitatory/inibitory imputs)
- Single axon that fires as consequence of synaptic integration
What two brain areas have been focused in research on plasticity relating to learning and memory?
Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Post-synaptic potentiation at glutamatergic synapses involves:
Voltage dependent removal of NMDA receptor Mg2+ block
How is the NMDA receptor Mg2+ block removed?
Ca2+-dependent activation of calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)
Sustained long-term changes in synaptic strength involves:
Nuclear signalling by Ca_V1 (L-type) voltage-gated calcium channels
What does glutamate activate in the CNS?
Slow metabotropic GPCRs (G_q, G_i/G_o)
How does glutamate activate G_q?
mGluRs 1 and 5
How does glutamate activate G_i/G_o?
mGluRs 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8
mGluRs 1 and 5 increase post-synaptic excitability by: (2)
- Reducing M-type K+ channel activity
2. Reducing Ca2+ sensitivity for SK channels
What is a role of excitatory glutamatergic circuitry?
Carrying of sensory information
Convulsions/seizures and cell death following stroke are caused by
Excessive glutamatergic excitation
Cys-loop ligand-gated chloride channels are activated by
GABA and glycine
In the cortex and midbrain, what is the pridominant inhibitory transmitter?
GABA
In the brainstem and spinal cord, what is the predominant inhibitory transmitter?
Glycine
What is the function of GABA_A receptors?
Mediate fast synaptic IPSPs
Gene markers for GABAergic neurons (2)
- Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)
2. Membrane GABA transporter
GABA_A receptor agonists are:
Sedatives/anticonvulsants
Disruption of GABA_A receptors causes:
Excessive activity in excitatory neural circuits (convulsions, seizures)
Through what receptor does GABA activate G_i/G_o pathways?
GABA-B
What two types GABA_B form the functional heterodimer? What are their functions?
GABA_B1: detects GABA ligand
GABA_B2: activation of G proteins
What is the function of GABA activated GIRK channels?
Suppression of post-synaptic excitation (slow inhibition)
What are bigenic amines?
Small carbon-based molecules with 1+ anime groups (derived from amino acids)
Where are the cell bodies for aminergic neurons located (except histamine)?
Brain stem ‘nuclei’ (locus coeruleus)
What G protein pathways can norepinephrine activate?
All of them (G_s, G_q, G_i/G_o)
Marker for norephinephrine receptors
Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
Which biogenic amine activates ionotropic receptors?
Serotonin
Marker for serotonin receptors
Typtophan hydroxylase 2
What G protein pathways can dopamine activate?
G_S, G_i/G_o
Markers for dopamine (2)receptors
Tyrosine hydroxylase
PM dopamine transporter
What G protein pathways can histamine activate?
All of them
Marker for histamine receptors
Histidine decarboxylase