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Advanced Cell Biology > Lecture 15 - Signal Processing Pathways II > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Signal Processing Pathways II Flashcards

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1
Q

Effector proteins can be

A

Metabolic enzymes
Gene regulatory proteins
Cytoskeletal proteins

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2
Q

mTOR signalling pathway

A

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin

pathway inhibited by rapamycin

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3
Q

Rapamycin causes a

A

Decrease in cellular growth

Eventually causes apoptosis

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4
Q

mTOR is a

A

Cytoplasmic Kinase

Phosphorylates Ser/Thr residues

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5
Q

mTOR is central to

A

Control of cellular growth and proliferation

Linked to cancer cell growth

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6
Q

mTOR is regulated by

A

Growth factors, RTKs, Insulin, Nutrients (a.a. and glucose), cellular energy levels, stress

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7
Q

mTOR complexes into

A

mTORC1 and mTORC2

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8
Q

The mTOR cascade is activated by

A

RHEB

Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain

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9
Q

RHEB is

A

A Ras family small GTPase

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10
Q

When RHEB is bound to GTP it

A

Activates mTOR (then cells can grow)

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11
Q

The mTOR pathway is regulated by

A

TSC1 and TSC2

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12
Q

TSCs

A

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

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13
Q

TSC1 and TSC2

A

Inhibit the mTOR pathway (growth suppressors)

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14
Q

TSC2 inactivates

A

RHEB by GTP hydrolysis - TSC2 is a GAP (GTPase activating protein)

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15
Q

Activated AKT (kinase) phosphorylates and inhibits

A

TSC2

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16
Q

AKT/PKB

A

A serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription and cell migration

17
Q

Starvation results in

A

Autophagy

18
Q

Aktivation of mTOR results in

A

Phosphorylation of downstream targets

19
Q

mTORC1

A

Promotes protein synthesis
Promotes ribosome production
Inhibits protein degradation

20
Q

mTORC2

A

Changes actin cytoskeleton and cell shape

21
Q

mTOR activates S6 kinase that

A

Phosphorylates ribosomal protein S6

Increases translation of ribosomal components

22
Q

elF4E

A

Translation initiation factor

Indirectly activated by mTOR by inhibiting an inhibitor of elF4E

23
Q

mTOR is a central

A

Modulator of proliferative signal transduction
Integrates external and internal signals
Co ordinates cellular growth and replication

24
Q

mTOR is an ideal therapeutic target against

A

Cancer

Multiple components of pathways that signal through mTOR as dysregulated in cancer

25
Q

Clinical inhibitors of mTOR

A

Rapamycin (bacterial toxin)
Immunosuppressants
Anti cancer drugs

26
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis

A

Multi system genetic disease
Mutations in TSC1 or 2 (hamartin and tuberin)
Cause non malignant tumours in the brain and other vital organs
Loss of control of cell growth and division
developmental delay, skin abnormalities, lung and kidney disease

27
Q

Mating factors cause

A

Polarisation of yeast cells

“Schmooing”

28
Q

Polarisation of yeast cells

“Schmooing” Steps

A
  1. Mating factor - activates G protein
  2. Activates Cdc42 (Rho family)
  3. Rho - formin - actin cable formation
  4. Polarised exocytosis and schmooing
29
Q

Cdc 42 also activates WASP and ARP complex to

A

Local actin nucleation at the site of mating factor binding, actin filament polymerisation, actin cable formation (tip growth)

30
Q

The insulin signalling pathway is a

A

RTK

Present on the surface of insulin responsive cells (Muscle, Liver, Fat)

31
Q

RTK have

A 
2 subunits held together by disulfide bonds
alpha units (extracellular) bind insulin
beta units (transmembrane and intracellular)
32
Q

Binding of insulin to the RTK causes

A

Intracellular domains to come together, allowing cross phsophorylation
Leads to docking and phosphorylation of other proteins

33
Q

Insulin in liver cells results in

A

Increased glycogen synthesis
A.a metabolism
Growth
Glucose translation

34
Q

Insulin in muscle cells results in

A

Increased growth
Myoblast fusion
Glucose translocation

35
Q

Insulin in fat cells results in

A

Adipogenesis

Glucose translocation

36
Q

In less differentiated cells prolonged glucose activation

A

Leads to long term activation of gene loci - results in cellular differentiation

Advanced Cell Biology (31 decks)

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