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Important Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

Link to core proteins in the interstitial ECM to form proteoglycans

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2
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Fibrous proteins in the interstitial ECM

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3
Q

Collagen

A

A protein that provides tensile strength in connective tissues (bone, skin, hair, nails)

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4
Q

Collagen

A

A protein that provides tensile strength in connective tissues (bone, skin, hair, nails)
Triple helix

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5
Q

Pre procollagen

A

The cytoplasmic form of collagen

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6
Q

N proteinase

A

Cleaves the N terminus of procollagen extracellulary

Confers ability to assembly into collagen fibres

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7
Q

C proteinase

A

Cleaves the C terminus of procollagen extracellularly

Confers ability to assembly into collagen fibres

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8
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Extracellular proteins linked to glycosaminoglycans in the interstitial ECM

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9
Q

Collagen type4

A

Forms the basal lamina with laminin

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10
Q

Laminin

A

Forms the basal lamina with collagen type 4

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11
Q

Laminin

A

Forms the basal lamina with collagen type 4
Organises the sheet
Triple helix with a cross

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12
Q

Nidogen and perlecan

A

Hold the basal lamina together

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13
Q

Collagen type4

A

Forms the basal lamina with laminin

GlyXY repeats confer bendiness

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14
Q

Laminin

A 
Forms the basal lamina with collagen type 4
Organises the sheet
Triple helix with a cross
15 isoforms
Self assembles
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15
Q

Nidogen and perlecan

A

Hold the basal lamina together

Laminin and collagen 4 sheets cross linkage

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16
Q

Integrins

A

Transmembrane receptors that couple the matrix to the cytoskeleton

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17
Q

Talin and vinculin

A

Actin binding proteins ABPs

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18
Q

N-CAM

A

Adhesion molecule in neural crest cells

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19
Q

Laminin and fibronectin

A

Cause neural crest cells to migrate

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20
Q

Tether proteins

A

Aid membrane fusion

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21
Q

Exchange factors

A

Involved in cell signalling

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22
Q

Sorting signals

A

Amino acid labels that tell a protein where to be transported

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23
Q

Signal peptidases

A

Remove the sorting signals after transport

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24
Q

Nuclear pore proteins

A

30 proteins make a ‘basket’

Only 5 types of proteins:

  1. Annular subunits (central)
  2. Lumenal subunits (TM)
  3. Ring subunits (faces)
  4. Fibrils (FG repeats)
  5. Nuclear basket
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25
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Proteins which activate gene expression and bind to specific promotor regions

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26
Q

Nuclear localisation signals

A

Positively charged residues that tell a protein to go into the nucleus

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27
Q

Karyopherins, Importins

A

Nuclear localisation signals

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28
Q

Nuclear import adaptor proteins

A

Receptor is binding another protein (an adaptor) that bind the protein

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29
Q

Ran

A

Small GTPase - molecular switch with two states, active (GTP cound) inactive (GDP bound)

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30
Q

GAPs

A

GTPase activating proteins
Switch Ran OFF
By increasing rate of GTP hydrolysis

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31
Q

GEFs

A

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors
Turn Ran ON
By increasing rate of GDP-GTP exchange

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32
Q

Chaperones

A

Are proteins that bind and block polypeptide folding

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33
Q

Hsp70

A

Chaperone protein family in mitochondria

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34
Q

TOM

A

Translocator outer mitochondrial membrane complex

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35
Q

TIM

A

Translocator inner mitochondrial membrane complex

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36
Q

Pex 5 and Pex 7

A

Involved in Peroxisome biogenesis

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37
Q

Catalase

A

Enzyme in peroxisomes Degrades H202 produced by Oxidases

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38
Q

Oxidase

A

Produces H202 in peroxisomes

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39
Q

26S proteosome

A

Degrades Pex5

40
Q

Pex1 and 6

A

Form the lever arm for transient pore model

ATPases

41
Q

SRP

A

Signal recognition particle
Made out of RNA and 6 proteins Hydrophobic pocket lined with methionines recognises N terminus signal sequence
Has a translational pause domain (like a finger that stops the ribosome translating) Brings the ribosome to the ER SRP binds to SRP receptor in the ER membrane

42
Q

Sec61

A

Protein translocator in the ER Hetero trimeric complex
Bundled alpha helices with a central pore Pore is usually closed by a small a-helix ‘plug’ Signal peptide displaces the plug allowing transport of the protein

43
Q

NO synthase

A

Makes nitric oxide

Is used as a signal to relax smooth muscle in blood vessels

44
Q

Connexins

A

6 subunit protein that forms GAP junctions (small channels in cell membranes)
Twist open or closed

45
Q

G protein coupled (GPCRs)

A

Receptors have 7 transmembrane domains (serpentine)
Ligand binds, complexes with trimeric G proteins (alpha beta gamma subunits)
Activate an enzyme at the plasma membrane
Transmits a signal
e.g generation of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase

46
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

A

Form dimers in the membrane
Activates phosphorylation domains in the cytosol
Beginning of signal transduction cascade

47
Q

Phosphatases

A

Enzymes that dephosphorylate (kinase antagonists)

48
Q

Adenylyl cyclase

A

Membrane bound enzyme Produces cAMP from ATP

Activated by G proteins

49
Q

Phosphodiesterases

A

Enzyme that converts cAMP to AMP

50
Q

Protein Kinase A (PKA)

A

Phosphorylates Two kinds of target proteins: Fast (phosphodiesterase switch) Slow (CREB (dna transcription))

51
Q

AKAPs

A

A kinase anchoring proteins A group of proteins which bind the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) and confine the holoenzyme to discrete locations within the cell

52
Q

Calmodulin

A

Protein which changes conformation allosterically when bound to Ca2+ Needs 2 Ca2+ to bind Targets CAM kinases
Hb also does this allosteric change

53
Q

CAM kinases

A

Autophosphorylate So even when Ca2+ is lost, the signal is active until phosphatases overwhelm it

54
Q

mTOR

A

Cytoplasmic Kinase

Phosphorylates Ser/Thr residues

55
Q

RHEB

A

Ras family small GTPase

56
Q

TSCs

A

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

57
Q

AKT/Protein kinase B (PKB)

A

A serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription and cell migration

58
Q

mTORC1

A

Promotes protein synthesis
Promotes ribosome production
Inhibits protein degradation

mTOR pathway

59
Q

mTORC2

A

Changes actin cytoskeleton and cell shape

mTOR pathway

60
Q

elF4E

A

Translation initiation factor

Indirectly activated by mTOR by inhibiting an inhibitor of elF4E

61
Q

S6 kinase

A

Phosphorylates ribosomal protein S6
Increases translation of ribosomal components

mTOR pathway

62
Q

Cdc42

A

Rho family GTPase
Central regulator of cell polarity
Recruits many proteins involved in actin, MTs, trafficking and cell junctions

63
Q

Caspases

A

Protease enzymes in apoptosis

64
Q

TNF

A

Tumour necrosis factor
Cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction
Produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons

65
Q

Fas

A

The Fas receptor is a death receptor on the surface of cells that leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis)

66
Q

FADD, TRADD

A

Fass associated death domain protein

TNF type 1 death domain protein

67
Q

Bcl proteins

A

B cell lymphoma 2

Involved in intrinsic apoptosis, either pro or anti apoptotic

68
Q

BH123

A

Pro apoptotic Bcl protein on mitochondrial membrane

69
Q

Bcl 2

A

Anti apoptotic Bcl protein, inhibits BH123

70
Q

BH3 proteins

A

Pro apoptotic protein that binds Bcl2

71
Q

Apaf1

A

Apoptotic protease activating factor

in mitochondria

72
Q

Apoptosome

A

Oligomer of 7 Apaf1 proteins with bound Cyt c

Plus a central procaspase9

73
Q

IAPs

A

Inhibitors of apoptosis

BIR domain binds caspases

74
Q

Anti IAPs

A

Block IAPs

Mitochondria

75
Q

Jnk

A

Stress activated MAP kinase

Causes transcription of BIM and this apoptosis

76
Q

Bid, Bim and Puma

A

Potent activators of apoptosis

Inhibit all Bcl2 family

77
Q

Formin

A

Nucleates straight actin (bundled), remains at plus end

78
Q

ARP2/3 complex

A

Nucleates branched actin (lamellipodia), remains at minus end

79
Q

Profilin

A

Pro- actin formation, binds subunits and speeds up

80
Q

Thymosin

A

Binds subunits and prevents actin formation

81
Q

Cofilin

A

Binds actin at the minus end, speeds up disassembly

82
Q

Gelsolin

A

Severs actin filaments and binds to plus end

83
Q

Capping protein

A

Prevents assembly and disassembly at actin plus end

84
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Stabilizes actin filament

85
Q

Fimbrin, alpha actinin, filamin, spectrin,ERM

A

Proteins that bundle, cross link and attach actin to the membranes

86
Q

Par proteins

A

Kinases
Cause asymmetric positioning of the mitotic spindle
Polarise the cell

87
Q

Scribble and Crumbs

A

Organise polarity of cells to the basal lamina with Par proteins

88
Q

Lkb1

A

Human gut par protein, mutations cause polyps

89
Q

Centrosome

A

Nucleates microtubules

90
Q

Centriole

A

MT organising centre
mother and daughter
same structure as the basal body

91
Q

Spindle pole body

A

Centriole equivalent in yeast

92
Q

Nexin

A

Connects double MT in outer ring of flagella

Important in flagella wave form - causes MT to bend

93
Q

Centrin

A

Structural protein found in the basal body

Controls basal body number (mutants have too many, vfl mutant)

94
Q

PitX2

A

Transcription factor positioned by ciliary beating during embryogenesis

95
Q

Gene regulatory proteins

A

Bind directly or indirectly to the regulatory DNA adjacent to the genes that are to be controlled

96
Q

Protists are far more diverse than

A

multicellular animals, plants and fungi
anatomy is elaborate with sensory bristles, beating cilia, mouth parts and contractile bundles
Allow distant evolutionary past to be put in context by genome analysis

97
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a good model organism because

A

It has a very small eukaryotic genome
robust and easy to grow, grows rapidly
can divide asexually or sexually, and can be induced
good for studying cell cycle - highly conserved

Advanced Cell Biology (31 decks)

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