Lecture 15 Flashcards
Chondrocytes?
- Found in spaces called lacunae
- Cartilage cells that produce and maintain the cellular matrix
What 2 layers is the perichondrium composed of?
Outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer
Perichondrium?
- The covering of dense irregular connective tissue
- Made of 2 layers: outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer
What is the extracellular matrix mainly composed of?
- Type 2 collagen
What do the components of the cellular matrix arrange themselves on? What does this arrangement allow for?
- On hyaluronic acid backbones
- This arrangement allows the extracellular matrix of cartilage to hold a lot of water, providing the cartilage with a shock absorption and allows for low friction capabilities
Does cartilage have a blood supply/nerves?
Since it’s mainly composed of chondrocytes, cartilage doesn’t have blood vessels or nerves, except in the perichondrium
What is the most abundant type of cartilage?
The hyaline cartilage
What is hyaline cartilage?
- Surrounded by perichondrium
- Provides flexibility, support and reduces friction in the joints
What is the makeup of fibrocartilage?
- Chondrocytes are scattered among bundles of collagen fibres
- Strongest type of cartilage
- Found between vertebrae
Elastic cartilage?
- Chondrocytes are found in a thread like network of elastic fibres
- Has a perichondrium
- Provides strength and elasticity
What are some of the different types of connective tissue that bone is made of?
Bone tissue, periosteum and endosteum
Function of bone?
Produces red/white cells, stores minerals, provides structure, support, protection and mobility
What is compact bone?
- First type of bone tissue
- Forms the hard outside of the bone
- Surrounded by the periosteum (outside) and the endosteum (inside)
- Contains columns called the Haversian system around the blood sypply
Where is spongy bone mainly found?
At the ends of long bone
Spongy bone?
- Second type of bone tissue
- No osteons (Haversian canal)
- Highly vascular
- Contains red bone marrow where the production of red blood cells happens
- Contains trabeculae which gives bones strength and high surface area to volume ratio
Process of bone formation?
- Woven bone is deposited initially (osteoid), which is mainly made up of collagen I fibres
- Woven bone can then be formed by either endochondral ossification (endoskeleton) or intramembranous ossification (dermal skeleton)
- Lamellar bone then replaces woven bone and lays down parallel sheets (lamellae) of collagen I fibres
Lamellar bone?
Has a lower cell density and a higher mineral content
What is the role of an osteoblast?
Osteoblasts are responsible for the woven bone (osteoid), and then get embedded within the extracellular matrix, becoming osteocytes
What do tissues combine to form?
Organs
What are 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac and smooth
Skeletal muscle?
Contain multiple nuclei along very long fibres
Cardiac muscle?
- Fibres join end to end through intercalated discs
- Contain 1 or more nuclei in each fibre
Smooth muscle?
- Each fibre contains a single central nucleus
Organs?
- Structures that perform specific functions
- Organs co-operate with each other to form organ systems
Integumentary system?
Lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils.
Returns excess tissue fluid to blood, absorbs lipids, defends against disease.
Respiratory system?
Lungs, air passageways.
Supplies oxygen to blood and excretes carbon dioxide.
Digestive system?
Digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices.
Processes food and eliminates waste.
Urinary system?
Kidneys, urinary bladder, associated ducts.
Kidneys remove metabolic waste and excess material from blood, produce urine.
Helps regulate body chemistry.
Male and female reproductive systems?
Both consist of gonads and associated structures.
Sexual reproduction, maintains secondary sex characteristics.
Cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, blood.
Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones and other substances throughout the body.
Endocrine system?
Ductless glands that release hormones.
Works with nervous system in regulating metabolic activities and many other functions
Nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, sense organs, nerves.
Principle regulatory system.
Muscular system?
Skeletal muscles that enable us to move, cardiac muscle in the heart, smooth muscle of the internal organs.
Skeletal system?
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints.
Supports and protects body, important in movement and stores calcium.
Integumentary system?
Skin, nails, hair, sweat glands.
Protects body, helps regulate body temperature and receives stimuli.
