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FUNBIO > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during development?

A

Stem and progenitor cells differentiate, specialise and unite to form tissues. Tissues combine to form organs and organs work together in organ systems

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2
Q

As cells differentiate, what are the 3 primary germ layers that they organise themselves as?

A

Mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm

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3
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that share a common embryonic origin, which form a specific architecture and cell specialisation to perform and function and carry out specialised activities
e.g. Hard (bone, liquid (blood), etc

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4
Q

Histology?

A

Science that deals with the study of tissue

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue?

A

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, ducts, and forms glands

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6
Q

Connective tissue?

A

Protects, supports and binds organs. Stores energy as fat and provides immunity

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7
Q

Muscle tissue?

A

Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate body heat

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8
Q

Nervous tissue?

A

Detect changes in body and responds by generating nerve impulses

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9
Q

What germ layer(s) are the epithelial tissue developed from?

A

All three (endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm)

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10
Q

What germ layer is the connective tissue developed from?

A

Mesoderm layer

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11
Q

What germ layer is the muscle tissue developed from?

A

Mostly the mesoderm layer

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12
Q

What germ layer is the nervous tissue developed from?

A

The ectoderm layer

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13
Q

Epithelial tissue structure?

A

Consist of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers:

  • Closely packed and held highly together
  • Covering and lining of the body
  • One free surface
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14
Q

Epithelial tissue structure?

A

Consist of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers:

  • Closely packed and held tightly together by cell to cell adhesions(tight junctions/gap junctions)
  • Cover linings within the body
  • Have one free surface that either empties into a body cavity or the environment
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15
Q

What basic biological principle do epithelial tissues illustrate?

A

Structure closely correlates with function

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16
Q

Serous membrane?

A

A thin membrane made from epithelial tissue that lines the internal body cavities and organs such as the heart, lungs, and abdominal cavity

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17
Q

Mucous membrane?

A

A membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs. It consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue

18
Q

What are the 3 different types of surface on an epithelial cell?

A

Apical (free) surface:
- Faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen, or duct

Lateral surface:
- Faces adjacent cells

Basal surface:
- Opposite of apical layer and adhere to extracellular materials

19
Q

What are the 3 different types of surface on an epithelial cell?

A

Apical (free) surface:

  • Faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen, or duct
  • Absorbance/secretion functions

Lateral surface:

  • Faces adjacent cells
  • Allows cells to tightly pack together and adhere

Basal surface:

  • Opposite of apical layer and adhere to extracellular materials
  • Attaches epithelial layer to the underlying connective tissue, providing a continuous piece of tissue
20
Q

What do epithelial cells rest on?

A

A basement membrane

- Thin double layer that serves as the point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue

21
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of?

A
  1. Basal lamina
    - Closer to and secreted by epithelial cells
    - Contains collagen, laminin, glycoproteins and proteoglycans
  2. Reticular lamina
    - Closer to the underlying connective tissue
    - Contains collagen secreted by the connective tissue
22
Q

What are different features of epithelial tissue?

A
  • own nerve supply
  • lacks vasculature (blood supply)
  • blood vessels in the connective tissue underneath bring nutrients and eliminate waste
  • high rate of cell division for renewal and repair
  • numerous roles in body (protection and filtration)
23
Q

What are the two main types if epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelium (membranous)
    - Outer covering of skin and some internal organs
  2. Glandular epithelium
    - Secreting portion of glands (thyroid, adrenal and sweat glands)
24
Q

3 types of membranous epithelium?

A
  1. Stratified squamous
    - Protective barrier
    - Made of keratinocytes which pick up sacs of keratin, forming plaques and moving from the basal layer to the surface as they mature
  2. Simple columnar
    - Single layer of cells that are arranged into a tightly packed column formation
    - Microvilli structure
    - For absorption and secretion
  3. Simple cuboidal
    - Secretion into cells
    - Ease movement
    - Simple cuboidal structure
25
Q

2 types of glandular epithelium?

A
  1. Exocrine
    - Secrete onto an epithelial surface
    - Unicellular glands secrete mucus
    - Multicellular glands secrete sweat
  2. Endocrine glands
    - Release hormones into interstitial fluid or blood
    - Don’t have ducts
26
Q

What are the two components of connective tissue?

A
  • Cells

- Extracellular material (matrix)

27
Q

What are two types of connective tissue?

A
  • Connective tissue proper

- Specialised connective tissue

28
Q

What is the main component of connective tissue?

A

Cells

29
Q

What are the different connective tissue cells?

A

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, white blood cells, macrophages and plasma cells

30
Q

Fibroblasts?

A

Secrete fibres and components of ground substance

31
Q

Adipocytes (fat cells)?

A

Store triglycerides (fat)

32
Q

Mast cells?

A

Produce histamine (for allergies)

33
Q

White blood cells?

A
  • Immune response

- Neutrophil and eosinophils

34
Q

Macrophages?

A

Engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis

35
Q

Plasma cells?

A

Secrete antibodies

36
Q

What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A
  1. Ground substance
    - Supports and binds cells, stores water, and allows exchange between blood and cells
  2. Fibres
37
Q

Two types of connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Dense connective tissue
    - Densely packed fibres
    - Interspersed with cells in between
  2. Loose connective tissue
    - Loose network of fibres
    - Cells in between
    E.g. areolar
38
Q

Function of connective tissue proper?

A

Structural component of organs

39
Q

Function of specialised connective tissues?

A

Perform specific function essential to homeostasis

40
Q

What are three types of specialised connective tissue?

A

Cartilage, bone and blood

41
Q

Two types of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Regular
    - Bundles of fibres in a parallel line for strength
    - Tendons and ligaments
  2. Irregular
    - Fibres irregularly arranged
    - Dermis of skin and heart
    - Found where pulling forces are exerted in many directions
  3. Elastic
    - Contain branching elastic fibres
    - Strong and can recoil to original shape after stretching
    - Lung tissue and arteries

FUNBIO (17 decks)

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