Lecture 15 Flashcards
What theory says the cover and transition slide over the body producing a mucosal wavelike progression?
Hirano Body-Cover Theory
What are the 3 layers of the 3 mass model?
1) cover
2) lamina propria
3) body
The epithelium layer is the _____ rigid and most ___________
Least; superficial
The vocalis muscle/body layer is the ____ rigid and the most ______.
Most; deep
Which two layers is the vocal ligament between?
Intermediate and deep
Which section isn’t included in the mucosa?
Vocalis muscle/body
Frequency is equal to the _______ of times the ____ ____ open and close per _______
Number; vocal folds; second
What is the average F0 for the following?
Men =
Women =
Children =
125 Hz
200 Hz
300 Hz
If you want to raise frequency you have to either increase _______ or decrease _____
Tension; mass
Both greater mass and greater length of VFs result in a ____ f0
Lower
What 3 muscles are pitch raising?
1) CT
2) TA - vocalis
3) LCA
How does the LCA raise pitch?
Medial compression, decreases the amount of mass that participates in phonation
How do you raise the frequency? (2)
1) Lengthen focal folds
2) increase internal tension
How does lengthening VFs Raise frequency? (2)
1) decrease mass
2) increase tension
How do you increase internal tension of the VFs?
Contract the TA vocalis isometrically
1 cmH2O change in subglottal pressure causes a __-__ Hz change in F0
3-5 Hz
Ther are no active muscle maneuvers that have been linked to ____ _________
Pitch lowering
It has been argued that the ____________ contraction flowers f0
Thyroarytenoid
Gradual pitch lowering is correlated with reduction in ________ ______ but this is not necessarily a ______ relation
Subglottal pressure; causal
Musical scales are organized into ______
Octaves
An octave is a frequency ratio of __ to __
2 to 1
An octave is dived into __ tones
6
Each tone is a frequency ratio of _____ to __
1.122 to 1
Each tone is divided into __ ________
2 semi-tones
Each semi-tone is a frequency ratio of _____ to __
1.059 to 1
Each octave spans __ notes, __ full tones and __ semi-tones
8, 5, 2
Middle C = __
C4
A4 = ____ Hz, and is the __________ standard
440, international
Which voice register is pulsed phonation, unusual, and low perceived frequency?
Glottal fry
Which voice register is also called the chest register, normally I used, not too high or low?
Normal/modal
Which voice register is high pitch, and unusual in speech
Falsetto
In source filter theory, the source means ____ ___ _______, and filter means __________ _____
Vocal fold vibration; supraglottal structures
Voice changes are due to rapid growth of the ______ during ______, and is usually an ______ in males and about __-___ tones in females
Larynx; puberty; octave; 2-3
Loudness is a _________ phenomen because you can’t __________ measure it
Perceptual; physcially
Changes in loudness are __________ to changes in _________ pressure
Proportional; subglottal
What are the two ways to increase subglottal pressure?
1) respiratory activity
2) larungeal activity
We typically inhale a larger ______ of ___ for louder speech
Volume of air
As glottal resistance increases the ___ the glottis is open during vibration (aka ___ ______) ________ and the glottis closes more _____
Time; open quotient; decreases; rapidly
Open quotient + ______ ____/____ ____
Glottis open/total cycle
Speed quotient = time of _______ movement/time of ______ movement
Lateral/medial
Pitch is primarily affected by _____ changes and secondarily by _________ changes, and Vice verses for ________
Larungeal; respiratory; loudness
Jitter is cycle to cycle ________ perturbations (________)
Frequency; variability
Shimmer is cycle to cycle ________ perturbations
Amplitude
Shimmer and jitter are perceived as _______ or ______
Unstable or irregular
What is purposeful and controlled variation in frequency and intensity in singing called?
Vibrato
