Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Repro > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what is parturition

A

delivery
process of labour
conclusion of pregnancy
highly coordinated event

complex interactions between maternal and foetal tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when does parturition occur?

A

37-42 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

24 weeks delivery

A

limited viability

8% of births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

from 23 weeks onwards

A

survival output increases by 10% every 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

neonatal death

A

respiratory distress syndrome

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

causes of preterm birth

A 
lactrogenic 
spontaneous preterm labour (PTL) 
previous preterm birth
age extremes
low BMI 
periodontal disease 
drug abuse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ethnicity and preterm labour

A

blacks - 18%

caucasians - 11%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

events before parturition

A

increase in relaxin
increase in progesterone
increase in PGI2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

relaxin before parturition

A

ligaments and connective tissue around pelvis and cervix loosen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

progesterone before parturition

A

prevents contraction of smooth muscle cells in uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PGI2 before parturition

A

vasodilator to relax smooth muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

events in parturition

A 
ripening and dilation of cervix 
myometrial contractions 
rupture of foetal membranes 
delivery of infant 
delivery of placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

1st stage of parturition

A

dilation of cervix - latent phase and active phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

latent phase

1st stage of parturition

A

slow irregular contractions
cervix shortens
softens
dilates 3cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

active phase

1st stage of parturition

A

regular painful contractions
4-10cm progressive dilation
membrane ruptures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2nd stage of parturition

A 
baby born 
4 hours born within reaching 10cm dilation 
cervix fully effaced and dilated 
head enters birth canal 
myometrial contractions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how far apart are myometrial contractions

A

2-3 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

uterus in 2nd stage of parturition

A

uterus contracts up
baby pushed down
cervix pulls up then widens
baby comes out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3rd stage of parturition

A

delivery of placenta
uterus contracts between deliveries
placenta detaches and delivered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why does uterus contract between deliveries

A

prevent excessive bleeding from uterine arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mechanisms of labour

A

ripening and dilation of cervix
myometrial contractions
prostaglandins
variety of actions induced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ripening and dilation of cervix

A

inflammatory mediators

mechanical stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

myometrial contractions

A

inflammatory mediators
hormones
cell-cell communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

prostaglandins

A

pro-inflammatory mediators
lipid metabolites
produced locally at site of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

labour induced actions

A

constriction and dilation of smooth muscles

alter vascular tone and permeability

regulates calcium movement

sensitises neurones to pain

induces fever to fight infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cervical changes

A

dilation induces contractions
allows baby to push through
positive feedback
more relaxin hormone produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ripening and softening of cervix

A

85% of cervix is connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

inflammatory processes

A

leukocytes infiltrate cervix

breakdown of collagen fibres by proteases (MMPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

PGE2

A

key mediator of cervix ripening

30
Q

cervical dilation

A

induced by myometrial contractions
push baby head down onto cervix
pressure on softening causes dilation

31
Q

myometrial contractility by what hormone

A

oxytocin

32
Q

where is oxytocin produced and released

A

hypothalamus

posterior pituitary gland

33
Q

whats happens when uterus stretches

A

stretching signals vagus afferent
transmits to brain
releases oxytocin

34
Q

how to check for myometrial contractility

A

tocograph

35
Q

what hormone stimulates myometrial growth

A

estrogen

36
Q

estrogen does what to smooth muscles

A

hyperplasia

hypertrophy

37
Q

progesterone in myometrial contractility

A

key mediator of myometrial quiescence

suppresses normal excitable behaviour of smooth muscles

prevents contractions

38
Q

how is the uterus prepared for contractions

A

progesterone is suppressed

39
Q

CAPs myometrial contractility

A

contraction-associated proteins

upregulation of CAPs

40
Q

production of uterones

A

stimulate contraction
oxytocin
PGF2a

41
Q

how is uterine smooth muscle contracted

A

depolarisation of smooth muscle cells
3Na+ in / 2K+ out
increase in intracellular Ca2+
contraction

42
Q

myosin-actin interactions

A

contract smooth muscle

myosin filaments are activated

myosin head domain binds to filament action

ATP hydrolysis drives force to walk along filaments to induce contractions

43
Q

myosin activation

A

changes phosphorylation state of myosin using phosphotases

44
Q

myosin contraction

A

MLC-P

45
Q

myosin relaxation

A

MLC

46
Q

MLC

A

myosin light chain

47
Q

smooth muscle cell contraction cascade

A 
action potential 
Ca2+ influx 
Ca2+ binds to calmodulin 
activates MLC kinases 
MLC phophotases
48
Q

oxytocin

A

increased pulsatile release during labour

synthesised by uterus at term

acts on oxytocin receptors on myometrial cells

responsible for contractions

49
Q

how does oxytocin stimulate contractions

A

augments excitability of myometrial cells

increase frequency of of action potential

increases frequency and amplitude of contractions

50
Q

PGF2a

A

produced by decidua, foetal membranes and leukocytes infiltrating uterus

51
Q

what does PGF2a stimulate

A

action potentials, ca2+ then contractions

52
Q

cellular communications by what?

A

connexon/ connexin 43/ gap junctions

53
Q

connexin bridge

A

1 connexin from 1 cell will bridge across extracellular space to another

coordinates depolarisation across cells

54
Q

when are connexons important?

A

during CAPs

55
Q

triggers of parturition

A

hormones
mechano-sensitisation (stretch_
inflammation

56
Q

inflammation during parturition

A

leukocytes infiltrate cervix, decidua and myometrium

57
Q

what does inflammation produce during parturition

A

PGs
cytokines
proteases
activation of NF-kB

58
Q

NF-kB

A

increases COX2
PGF2a receptor
connexin 43
oxytocin receptor

59
Q

foetal lungs release what during inflammation

A

SP-A

60
Q

what does SP-A do?

A

activates TLR to activate NF-kB to trigger leukocytes

release amniotic fluid

triggers inflammation for birth

61
Q

hormonal triggers for birth

A

removes suppressive effects on myometrium

functional progesterone withdrawal

altered balance of progesterone receptor subtypes

62
Q

estrogen during birth

A

increases to lead up

increased ERalpha in myometrium

63
Q

how does estrogen activate the myometrium

A

stimulates gap junctions

increases oxytocin and oxytocin receptor production

increase PG synthesis

64
Q

foetal hormones stress axis

A

suppressed during pregnancy

before birth HPA matures

65
Q

what is made by the adrenals

A

cortisol

DHEA

66
Q

cortisol increases

A

COX2
PGF2a
PGE2

67
Q

what is DHEA for

A

substrate for estrogen production

68
Q

what does placenta synthesise

A

CRH
increases levels long term
triggers HPA
placental clock

69
Q

labour

A

COX2 increases PGs
decrease in progesterone
increase in oxytocin
increase in gap junctions

70
Q

drugs to induce labour

A

syntocin

pictocin

Human Repro (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions