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Human Repro > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Outer layer of uterus

A

myometrium

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2
Q

myometrium

A

contracts during birth

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3
Q

inner layer of uterus

A

endometrium

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4
Q

endometrium

A

secretory
thickest
accepts and implants embryo

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5
Q

luminal epithelium

A 
single layer of cells 
site of implantation 
embryos make contact with mother
folds inwards from surface
some secretions
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6
Q

glandular epithelium

A

grown and stretch down to bottom
stains brown as has glycoproteins that are secreted
glycoproteins release into lumen of glands

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7
Q

lumen of glands

A

contain ciliated cells to move embryo up into uterine lumen

contribute to environment

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8
Q

resident stromal cells

A

regeneration after mensuration

transform into decidual cells - progesterone

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9
Q

blood vessels under luminal epithelium

A

immune

inflammatory

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10
Q

Blastocyst hatches from ZP

A

trophectoderm bursts out of ZP becoming exposed and takes the ICM with it

leaves behind the ZP cavity

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11
Q

1 day after initiation of implantation

A

glands more prominent

reach past junctional zone and into the myometrium

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12
Q

early plantation

A

blastocyst invades the endometrium - luminal
the trophoblast invades the endometrium
then on top you have the ICM
then on top of ICM you have the flat monolayer trophectoderm layer

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13
Q

interstitial implantation

A

embryo embeds into endometrial stroma which thickens

determines placental development

progesterone-regulated differentiation of stomal cells - decidualisation

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14
Q

other animals implantation

A

remains within uterine cavity for nutrients

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15
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin

polypeptide hormone

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16
Q

hCG functions

A

trophectoderm/ trophoblast produces the hCG from hatched blastocyst stage onwards

appears in measurable quantities - pregnancy tests

hCG rescues corpus luteum to keep producing progesterone

if implantation is too late then corpus luteum regresses and pregnancy fails

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17
Q

implantation window

A

4 days
1 week after LH peaks
knowledge from IVF
if hCG not present within 4 days then closure of receptive period for implantation

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18
Q

trophectoderm

A

outermost layer
gives rise to trophoblast
trophoblast is outermost layer of placenta

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19
Q

most likely to have a miscarriage

A

8-9 weeks after implantation

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20
Q

implantation failure

A

endometrial abnormalities - mother
chromosomal abnormalities - foetus
more common in humans than any other species

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21
Q

uterine lumen

A

small part of placenta that appears early on

whole remainder of pregnancy - embryo/ foetus/ placenta is encapsulated in uterine stroma (decidua)

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22
Q

decidualisation of endometrial stroma in early pregnancy

A

mouse also has decidualised interstitial implantation

uterus grows lots, becomes secretory due to enlarged ECM because of increase in progesterone

glandular epithelia is more prominent in humans than in mice

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23
Q

decidua

A

secretory tissue that helps the placenta become established

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24
Q

when does decidualisation fail

A

when there is no progesterone

KO of PR in mice

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25
Q

10 days after fertilisation

A

decidualised stroma and glandular epithelium both produce secretory granules

chorionic villi begin to form

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26
Q

first 11 weeks

A

all embryonic nutrition is local - glandular and stromal

27
Q

early secondary villus stage

A

trophoblast is on outside
mesenchyme is on inside - from ICM
intervilli spaces begin to form

28
Q

Trophoblast early signs

A

highly convoluted surface

high SA for exchange and transport

29
Q

ninth week

A

embryo at stage where it transitions to foetus

placenta much bigger than foetus

30
Q

size at ninth week

A

25mm rump length

measure using ultrasound

31
Q

yolk sac

A

regresses as placenta takes over

32
Q

16 weeks

A

foetus size catches up to placental size

placenta starts to grow again but slowly

33
Q

villous development and branching (4 things)

A
  1. cytotrophoblast proliferation
  2. differentiation and fusion to generate multi nucleated synctiotrophoblast
  3. mesenchyme migration
  4. formation of vascularised stromal core
34
Q

synctiotrophoblast

A

outermost layer
biggest cell in the body
lots of nuclei per cell
stretches all over placenta

35
Q

cytotrophoblast

A

inner cells of placenta
proliferate
one daughter cell and one progenitor cell that becomes synctiotrophoblast to allow further growth of placenta

36
Q

vascularisation

A

18-20 days after fertilisation

capillaries found in placental mesenchyme

when vascularised - tertiary villi

37
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of new blood cells in 1st trimester

38
Q

Hb in placenta

A

high affinity for oxygen

39
Q

placenta at term

A

discoid
20-25cm diameter
3cm thick
400-750 g

40
Q

amniotic fluid

A

surround foetus in placenta

41
Q

placental vascular cast

A

blood vessels from placenta to umbilical cord are digested away

shows blood cannot mix or will lead to immune attack

42
Q

placental structure

A

vessels - chorionic plate vessels
villous tree
lobules
maternal blood space

43
Q

proliferative cytotrophoblast

A

Ki67 antibody shows that only cytotrophoblast is proliferative

44
Q

1st trimester placental growth and development

A

continuous layer of cytotrophoblast

extensive CT proliferation and fusion to form ST

vascularisation begins

45
Q

3rd trimester increased exchange efficiency

A

thin layer of trophoblast to reduce diffusion distance

reduced diameter of villi

thinning of ST and CT only covers 20% of villous

highly vascularised - vasculosynctial membrane (VS)

46
Q

protective barrier

A

ST

47
Q

ST

A

highly specialised cell type
barrier
avoids immunological rejection of paternal antigens
protection against pathogens, toxins and drugs

48
Q

thalidomide

A

morning sickness drug
doesnt complete ST development
deformed babies

49
Q

nutrient and gas exchange

A

foetus depends on oxygen and nutrient supply

removal of waste products - CO2 and urea

increasing requirement later in pregnancy

50
Q

transcellular diffusion

A

oxygen/ Co2/ fatty acids

51
Q

rate of diffusion

A

thickness of barrier
surface area
solubility

52
Q

transcellular facilitated diffusion

A

GLUT1 - glucose

glucose is hydrophilic

concentration of glucose is higher in mother than in the foetus

53
Q

active transport

A

amino acids facilitated by co-transport of Na+

selective and specific

54
Q

endocytosis/ exocytosis

A

receptor mediated

provides antibodies in foetus (IgE) in 2/3rd trimester

55
Q

hormone production

A

ST makes lots of hormones
secreted in maternal blood
hPL

56
Q

hPL

A

human placental lactogen

57
Q

hPL function

A

prepares mother after pregnancy

58
Q

progesterone (steroid hormone)

A

blockade used to induce termination
primes endometrium
endocrine switch - placenta takes over from CL
prevent preterm labour
removal of progesterone is essential for labour
strengthens cervical mucus plug

59
Q

estrogen (steroid hormone)

A

stimulates growth of myometrium

increases uterine blood flow

60
Q

maternal metabolic adaptations

A

hPL, placental growth hormone and progesterone stimulate insulin resistance

61
Q

insulin resistance (can cause DM)

A

reduces maternal glucose uptake
glucose transfer to foetus prioritised
rapid foetal growth

62
Q

when is metabolism adapted in the mother

A

3rd trimester

gain of fat stores utilised later on

63
Q

diagnostic purposes

A

shedding of placental fragments into maternal blood

occurs throughout pregnancy

includes foetal DNA

Human Repro (11 decks)

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