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A&P Spring '14 Test 2 > Lecture 15 3/18/14 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 3/18/14 Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A

work much like circular system. Capillaries drain into much larger lymphatic vessels which drain into the venous system.

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2
Q

Lymph

A

fluid resembling plasma

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3
Q

Lymphatic Organ

A

contains a large number of lymphocytes. Lymphatic organ is spleen, thymus, tonsils.

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4
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

bean shaped structures located along the lymphatic vessels. Filters fluids.

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5
Q

Lymphatic Flow

A

Components of plasma from blood capillaries enter into the interstitial spaces. The fluid is now called interstitial tissue fluid. -> This fluid now enters small lymphatic channels and is called lymph -> then travels to lymph nodes -> then to larger lymphatic vessels.

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6
Q

Lower Body Drainage

A

Into the cisterna chyli - a expanded lymph chamber located in front of the 2nd lumbar vertebra. Consider it like a cul de sac.

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7
Q

Flow for the Thoracic Duct

A

Thoracic duct will bring everything from the lower extremity, it will drain everything below the diaphragm from both sides. Everything from the left chest cavity, arm, neck, head, drain into the thoracic duct will then drain into the left subclavian vein.

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8
Q

Movement of the Body and Respiration causes what?

A

cause the fluid to be pumped back up into the subclavian vein. Breathing in and out, helps increase and decrease thoracic pressure to help the fluid back up to the left subclavian vein.

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9
Q

Right Side Lymphatic Duct

A

Above the diaphragm. Right Thoracic Cage. Controls lymphatic drainage to the right side head, neck, chest, upper extremity. Drains this fluid into the right subclavian vein.

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10
Q

Lymph Node Structure

A

fluid flows from up above. Called afferent lymphatic vessels entering the node. Efferent vessels leaving the node. Can only go in one direction. Trabecula or dividers to go through to enter the center and exit the other side. So the inflow goes through and get filtered before going into the terminal.

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11
Q

Hilum

A

Where everything exits out of the liver

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12
Q

Lymphatic Organs

A

Spleen

Thymus Gland

Tonsils

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13
Q

Spleen Description

A

size of your fist. Upper Left Cavity. Largest mass of lymphatic tissue. If your spleen is gone, the liver takes over the spleen’s job.

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14
Q

White Pulp

A

lymphoid tissue, surrounded by arteries. These clusters of lymphocytes are called splenic modules or malpighian corpuscles where we have a large amount of White Blood Cell concentration.

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15
Q

Red Pulp

A

venous sinuses filled with blood and cords of splenic tissue, called Splenic or billroth cords. They are around the perimeter. Tissue is more uniform in color and texture. Fills in remaining area around the white pulp. Have lots of Red Blood Cell concentration.

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16
Q

Spleen Function

A

Phagocytic. Lots of White Blood cells that mature in the spleen. Important in Proper Immune System Function and Development. Properly identifying self and foreign. Involved in breaking down red blood cells and platelets. Also produces plasma cells and involved in maturation of lymphocytes. Also release blood into Cardiovascular System during periods of low blood volume.

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17
Q

Thymus Gland

A

involved in maturation of immature T cells from the bone marrow. Immunocompetent tissue. Shrinks when we get older. Fewer antigens. Mature in Thymus.

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18
Q

Location of Thymus Gland

A

Inferior and Superior to Heart

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19
Q

Tonsils

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue embedded in mucous membrane. Contain macrophages that clean up bacteria and foreign debris. Part of the immune system.

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20
Q

Pharyngeal

A

adenoids in nasopharynx. Above palate. Can be removed. Back of nasal cavity to breathe air in.

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21
Q

Palantine

A

between palatine arches. Part of Immune system. Will not see the adenoids. Can also be removed. Back of the mouth to bring in food and water.

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22
Q

Lingual

A

at base of tongue. Never remove and never gets enlarged. Secondary, assist the palatine tonsils.

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23
Q

Active Immunity

A

occurs after exposure to an antigen. Vaccination is a form of active immunity. Attenuated vaccinations.

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24
Q

Passive Immunity

A

transferred antibodies to another person. Getting something from somebody else. Breast Feeding is an example. Boost baby’s immune system. Rhogam is another example.

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25
Non Specific Diseases
Physical Barriers Phagocytic Cells NK Cells Interferon Compliment System Fever Inflammation
26
Physical Barriers
Infection with burn patients. Skin, mucus membranes provide a potent powerful barrier that’s inside us and outside us.
27
Phagocytic Cells
Remove cellular debris.
28
Phagocytic Microphages
Neutrophils are the first line of defense. Don’t last that long in the human body. Neutrophils and Eosinophils.
29
Phagocytic Macrophages
Monocytes. Monocytes is a large cell flowing through the blood stream. Like a shark.
30
Fixed Macrophages
Permanently fixed in their tissue. Microglia engulf antigen presenting cells. T helper cells grab them and present them. Microglia is found in the brain. Kuppfer are found in the kidney. They don’t move. Like an eel.
31
Free Macrophage
Roam anywhere in circulation.
32
Characteristics of Macrophages
Diapedsis Chemotaxis
33
Diapedsis
squeeze through endothelium
34
Chemotaxis
attracted to tissue via chemicals released from that inflamed tissue.
35
NK Cells
Natural Killer Cells large granulocytic lymphocytes. Part of the lymphocytic cell line. bind to abnormal cells/bacteria and release perforin. Perforin punches holes in the bacteria and the cell wall can’t maintain osmolarity and dies. From the golgi apparatus that punches holes in the foreign cells causing lysis.
36
Interferon
proteins released by cells infected with viruses. It prevents infection of surrounding healthy cells. Binds with receptors on normal cells causing AntiViral protection. Prevents viral replication in healthy cells. Non specific. Ramps down protein synthesis which would help inhibit viral replication in those surrounding cells. ISG’s, Interferon Stimulating Genes are vitally important to surrounding cells to shutdown protein synthesis for awhile, to prevent that virus from coming in and virally replicating around healthy cells.
37
Hep C
is blood born and maybe sexually transmitted. Can live in body for about 15-20 years. Liver is already shot when you find out, and you could die or get a kidney transplant.
38
Compliment System
a chain reaction with 11 proteins that help attack and destroy invading microbes (antigenic substances)
39
Classic Pathway of Compliment Activation
the first compliment protein attaches to an antigen complex to initiate a process that causes four things. 1) Attraction of Phagocytes 2) Promotion of Inflammation 3) Directly destroys target cells 4) Enhances Phagocytosis through opsonization
40
Promotion of Inflammation
causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine, increasing circulation to affected tissue.
41
Directly destroys target cells
directly through lysis. Perforin - NK Cells.
42
Enhances Phagocytosis through Opsonization
A process by which the compliment makes a cell easier to engulf.
43
Fever
High body temps. Inhibit some bacterial and viral replication. Causes the disease process to run its course much faster
44
Inflammation
Caused by the release of histamine, seratonin and heparin From mast cells and basophils Increases circulation to tissue to allow immune response to arrive quickly to affected tissue
45
Specific Immunity
Controlled by Lymphocytes Cellular Immunity Humoral Immunity
46
Specific Immunity Function
Destruction or inactivation of pathogens, abnormal cells, and foreign molecules
47
Cellular Immunity
Direct attach on foreign material by activating T Lymphocytes
48
**NEED TO EDIT** Humoral Immunity
attack by circulating antibodies released by activated B Lymphocytes Plasma cells
49
Cellular Immunity
T Cell T Cell in Lymphoid Tissue -> Sensitized T Cell -> Memory T Cell and Cytotoxic (Killer) T Cell.
50
T Helper Cell
Secrete Cytokines
51
Functions of T Helper Cell
Accelerate Killer T Cell Maturation Activate NK Cell Promote antibody production and B Cell Division (Affected by HIV)
52
Memory T Cell
Stay in lymphoid tissue and recognizes same invader later on
53
Cytotoxic Killer T-Cell
Migrate to injury site
54
3 Functions of Cytotoxic T Cell
Secrete Macrophage, Chemotaxic factor Secrete sensitization factor - sensitize more T Cells Attach to Antigen and destroy them - w/ Cytotoxic substance called Lymphotoxin
55
Humoral Immunity
B Cells
56
Flow of Humoral Immunity
B Cell in Lymphoid Tissue -> Sensitized B Cell -> Memory Cells and Plasma Cells from B Cell clones
57
Plasma Secrete What?
Antibodies
58
Antigen Antibody Complex
Activates Complement. Inflammation - Release Histamines Chemotaxic Factor Oponization Increase, increases Phagocytosis Destroy Cell - released Lysing Materials
59
Antibodies AKA Immunoglobins
Produced by the Plasma cells in the presence of specific antigens
60
IgG
80%, most common, resist against bacteria, toxins, etc.
61
IgE
Work in allergic reactions, works with the mast cells and basophils. Works with mast cells and basophils to release histamine
62
IgD
Helps B Cells bind to antigen
63
IgM
Use in agglutination of crossed typed blood
64
IgA
Activates pathogens before entrance to body
65
The Respiratory System
Organs involved in the function of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and blood. Include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs

A&P Spring '14 Test 2 (7 decks)

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