Lecture 15 3/18/14 Flashcards
Lymphatic Vessels
work much like circular system. Capillaries drain into much larger lymphatic vessels which drain into the venous system.
Lymph
fluid resembling plasma
Lymphatic Organ
contains a large number of lymphocytes. Lymphatic organ is spleen, thymus, tonsils.
Lymph Nodes
bean shaped structures located along the lymphatic vessels. Filters fluids.
Lymphatic Flow
Components of plasma from blood capillaries enter into the interstitial spaces. The fluid is now called interstitial tissue fluid. -> This fluid now enters small lymphatic channels and is called lymph -> then travels to lymph nodes -> then to larger lymphatic vessels.
Lower Body Drainage
Into the cisterna chyli - a expanded lymph chamber located in front of the 2nd lumbar vertebra. Consider it like a cul de sac.
Flow for the Thoracic Duct
Thoracic duct will bring everything from the lower extremity, it will drain everything below the diaphragm from both sides. Everything from the left chest cavity, arm, neck, head, drain into the thoracic duct will then drain into the left subclavian vein.
Movement of the Body and Respiration causes what?
cause the fluid to be pumped back up into the subclavian vein. Breathing in and out, helps increase and decrease thoracic pressure to help the fluid back up to the left subclavian vein.
Right Side Lymphatic Duct
Above the diaphragm. Right Thoracic Cage. Controls lymphatic drainage to the right side head, neck, chest, upper extremity. Drains this fluid into the right subclavian vein.
Lymph Node Structure
fluid flows from up above. Called afferent lymphatic vessels entering the node. Efferent vessels leaving the node. Can only go in one direction. Trabecula or dividers to go through to enter the center and exit the other side. So the inflow goes through and get filtered before going into the terminal.
Hilum
Where everything exits out of the liver
Lymphatic Organs
Spleen
Thymus Gland
Tonsils
Spleen Description
size of your fist. Upper Left Cavity. Largest mass of lymphatic tissue. If your spleen is gone, the liver takes over the spleen’s job.
White Pulp
lymphoid tissue, surrounded by arteries. These clusters of lymphocytes are called splenic modules or malpighian corpuscles where we have a large amount of White Blood Cell concentration.
Red Pulp
venous sinuses filled with blood and cords of splenic tissue, called Splenic or billroth cords. They are around the perimeter. Tissue is more uniform in color and texture. Fills in remaining area around the white pulp. Have lots of Red Blood Cell concentration.
Spleen Function
Phagocytic. Lots of White Blood cells that mature in the spleen. Important in Proper Immune System Function and Development. Properly identifying self and foreign. Involved in breaking down red blood cells and platelets. Also produces plasma cells and involved in maturation of lymphocytes. Also release blood into Cardiovascular System during periods of low blood volume.
Thymus Gland
involved in maturation of immature T cells from the bone marrow. Immunocompetent tissue. Shrinks when we get older. Fewer antigens. Mature in Thymus.
Location of Thymus Gland
Inferior and Superior to Heart
Tonsils
Masses of lymphoid tissue embedded in mucous membrane. Contain macrophages that clean up bacteria and foreign debris. Part of the immune system.
Pharyngeal
adenoids in nasopharynx. Above palate. Can be removed. Back of nasal cavity to breathe air in.
Palantine
between palatine arches. Part of Immune system. Will not see the adenoids. Can also be removed. Back of the mouth to bring in food and water.
Lingual
at base of tongue. Never remove and never gets enlarged. Secondary, assist the palatine tonsils.
Active Immunity
occurs after exposure to an antigen. Vaccination is a form of active immunity. Attenuated vaccinations.
Passive Immunity
transferred antibodies to another person. Getting something from somebody else. Breast Feeding is an example. Boost baby’s immune system. Rhogam is another example.
Non Specific Diseases
Physical Barriers
Phagocytic Cells
NK Cells
Interferon
Compliment System
Fever
Inflammation
Physical Barriers
Infection with burn patients. Skin, mucus membranes provide a potent powerful barrier that’s inside us and outside us.
Phagocytic Cells
Remove cellular debris.
Phagocytic Microphages
Neutrophils are the first line of defense. Don’t last that long in the human body. Neutrophils and Eosinophils.
Phagocytic Macrophages
Monocytes. Monocytes is a large cell flowing through the blood stream. Like a shark.
Fixed Macrophages
Permanently fixed in their tissue. Microglia engulf antigen presenting cells. T helper cells grab them and present them. Microglia is found in the brain. Kuppfer are found in the kidney. They don’t move. Like an eel.
Free Macrophage
Roam anywhere in circulation.
Characteristics of Macrophages
Diapedsis
Chemotaxis
Diapedsis
squeeze through endothelium
Chemotaxis
attracted to tissue via chemicals released from that inflamed tissue.
NK Cells
Natural Killer Cells
large granulocytic lymphocytes. Part of the lymphocytic cell line. bind to abnormal cells/bacteria and release perforin. Perforin punches holes in the bacteria and the cell wall can’t maintain osmolarity and dies. From the golgi apparatus that punches holes in the foreign cells causing lysis.
Interferon
proteins released by cells infected with viruses. It prevents infection of surrounding healthy cells. Binds with receptors on normal cells causing AntiViral protection. Prevents viral replication in healthy cells.
Non specific. Ramps down protein synthesis which would help inhibit viral replication in those surrounding cells. ISG’s, Interferon Stimulating Genes are vitally important to surrounding cells to shutdown protein synthesis for awhile, to prevent that virus from coming in and virally replicating around healthy cells.
Hep C
is blood born and maybe sexually transmitted. Can live in body for about 15-20 years. Liver is already shot when you find out, and you could die or get a kidney transplant.
Compliment System
a chain reaction with 11 proteins that help attack and destroy invading microbes (antigenic substances)
Classic Pathway of Compliment Activation
the first compliment protein attaches to an antigen complex to initiate a process that causes four things.
1) Attraction of Phagocytes
2) Promotion of Inflammation
3) Directly destroys target cells
4) Enhances Phagocytosis through opsonization
Promotion of Inflammation
causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine, increasing circulation to affected tissue.
Directly destroys target cells
directly through lysis. Perforin - NK Cells.
Enhances Phagocytosis through Opsonization
A process by which the compliment makes a cell easier to engulf.
Fever
High body temps. Inhibit some bacterial and viral replication.
Causes the disease process to run its course much faster
Inflammation
Caused by the release of histamine, seratonin and heparin
From mast cells and basophils
Increases circulation to tissue to allow immune response to arrive quickly to affected tissue
Specific Immunity
Controlled by Lymphocytes
Cellular Immunity
Humoral Immunity
Specific Immunity Function
Destruction or inactivation of pathogens, abnormal cells, and foreign molecules
Cellular Immunity
Direct attach on foreign material by activating T Lymphocytes
NEED TO EDIT Humoral Immunity
attack by circulating antibodies released by activated B Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Cellular Immunity
T Cell
T Cell in Lymphoid Tissue ->
Sensitized T Cell -> Memory T Cell and Cytotoxic (Killer) T Cell.
T Helper Cell
Secrete Cytokines
Functions of T Helper Cell
Accelerate Killer T Cell Maturation
Activate NK Cell
Promote antibody production and B Cell Division (Affected by HIV)
Memory T Cell
Stay in lymphoid tissue and recognizes same invader later on
Cytotoxic Killer T-Cell
Migrate to injury site
3 Functions of Cytotoxic T Cell
Secrete Macrophage, Chemotaxic factor
Secrete sensitization factor - sensitize more T Cells
Attach to Antigen and destroy them - w/ Cytotoxic substance called Lymphotoxin
Humoral Immunity
B Cells
Flow of Humoral Immunity
B Cell in Lymphoid Tissue -> Sensitized B Cell -> Memory Cells and Plasma Cells from B Cell clones
Plasma Secrete What?
Antibodies
Antigen Antibody Complex
Activates Complement.
Inflammation - Release Histamines
Chemotaxic Factor
Oponization Increase, increases Phagocytosis
Destroy Cell - released Lysing Materials
Antibodies AKA Immunoglobins
Produced by the Plasma cells in the presence of specific antigens
IgG
80%, most common, resist against bacteria, toxins, etc.
IgE
Work in allergic reactions, works with the mast cells and basophils. Works with mast cells and basophils to release histamine
IgD
Helps B Cells bind to antigen
IgM
Use in agglutination of crossed typed blood
IgA
Activates pathogens before entrance to body
The Respiratory System
Organs involved in the function of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and blood.
Include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs
