Lecture 14 3/13/14 Flashcards
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure - 4 Parts
ADH
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Erythropoetin
ANH
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
Produced by the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Also known as vasopressin. ADH is released and it tells the collecting ducts of the kidneys to retain water. Produced in response due to decrease in blood volume or increase in osmolarity or electrolyte concentration.
ADH Functions Two Ways
Stimulates kidneys to retain H2O, preventing loss in blood volume
Stimulates Vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels to increase blood pressure. Vasopressin is another word for increasing blood pressure
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Increase blood pressure
Starts out because of decreased blood flow to kidneys, so then renin is released from the Kidneys and in conjunction with Angiotensinogen made by the liver and together It creates Angiotensinogen I which is a mild vasoconstrictor, which goes to the lungs and exposed to ACE and it converts Angiotensinogen I to Angiotensinogen II. Angio II is a powerful vasoconstrictor. It then increases aldosterone, increases thirst drive, which helps increase fluid volume, ADH, and vasoconstriction. To ultimately increase blood pressure.
Aldosterone
Mineralcorticoid, retain salt, which retains water.
Erythropoetin
released from the kidneys, has it effects on bone marrow, to increase red blood cell production. Helps increase hematocrit.
Also released when Blood pressure falls or O2 concentrations decrease.
Results in increased RBC’s, increased O2 carrying capacity
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone/Peptide
Hormone produced by specialized cells in the Right Atrium, that when stretched, causes ANH to be produced, causing excretion of Sodium, with that, goes water. decreases blood pressure. Only hormone that decreases blood volume or pressure. Because historically we had no access to water.
Hematocrit
PCV - Pack Cell Volume
Why does ANH get released?
Because when BP increases too much. Which leads to increase water loss in kidneys, decreases thirst and blocks ADH and Aldosterone
Pulmonary Circulation
Functions to oxygenate blood
Pathway - unoxygenated blood leaves pulmonary artery from the right ventricle and travels to the lungs to be oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to the Left Atrium.
Systemic Circulation
Pathway - take that oxygen blood and send it out to the peripheral tissues and return unoxygenated blood to the heart.
Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
Ascending Aorta
Aortic Arch
Vertebral Arteries
Common Carotids
Ascending Aorta
Largest artery, first to exit heart,
First branches are the coronary arteries off of the ascending aorta.
Aortic Arch
3 Main branches
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Left Common Carotid
Left Subclavian
Brachiocephalic
First branch supplies right arm and head.
Right Common Carotid
Right Head and Neck
Right Subclavian
Right upper extremity and right upper thorax.
Left Common Carotid
2nd branch supplies left side of head
Left Subclavian
3rd main branch supplies left upper extremity and left thorax.
Vertebral Arteries
Both right and left vertebral arteries arise off of the subclavian of their respective sides and travel up through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae to enter the skull through foramen magnum. They come together to form the basilar artery
Common Carotids
Travel up just lateral to trachea and deep to the sternocleidomastoid mandible and split into an internal and external carotid artery. At the level of the hyoid bone.
External Carotid
Supplies the head outside the skull
4 Main Branches
Lingual
Facial
Maxillary
Temporal
Lingual
1st branch supplies floor of mandible, goes to the tongue
Facial
2nd branch supplies face, travels under the mandible just anterior to the angle of jaw. Continues up medially toward the medial angle of the eye.
Tortuous for jaw movement, opening and closing, stretching
Maxillary
3rd branch Supplies maxillary region
Temporal
4th branch, but terminal, supplies scalp and external jaw muscles. Pulse can be taken here
Internal Carotid
Supplies brain and tissues inside skull. Enters skull through carotid canal
Circle of Willis
Blood supply to the brain.
Circular blood supply within the skull that allows for collateral blood supply to the brain.
Considered an anastomosis - a connection between blood vessels that acts as a safety mechanism to ensure a continuous blood supply should a vessel become blocked. It has 2 vertebrals and 2 carotids
Arteries of the Upper Extremity
Subclavian (bilateral) -> Axillary (travels through axilla) ->Brachial (travels through arm on medial side, pulse point - brachial pulse
Brachial Splits into
Radial - travels down lateral forearm (radial pulse)
Ulnar - travels down medial forearm
Arteries of the Thorax and Abdominal Cavity
Aortic Arch -> Thoracic Arch -> Abdominal Aorta
Aortic Arch
bends down to travel posteriorly to the heart and lateral to the vertebral column on left side
Thoracic Aorta
No major branches (small intercostals arteries)
Abdominal Aorta
branches to Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric
Suprarenals
Renals
Gonadal
Inferior Mesenteric
Common Iliacs
Celiac Trunk
1st main branch breaks off into the
Left Gastric to Stomach
Hepatic to the Liver
Splenic to the Spleen
Superior Mesenteric
Unilateral
Supplies Pancreas, small intestines and first 2/3 of upper large intestine
Suprarenals
Bilateral, supply adrenal glands
Renals
Bilateral to kidneys
Gonadal
testicular/ovarian - bilateral, small, lie just below renal just above inferior mesenteric
Inferior Mesenteric
Unilateral, supplies last 1/3 of large intestine significantly colon and rectum
Common Iliacs
Bilateral, the abdominal aorta splits into these two main branches at the level of the pelvis
Main Branches of Common Iliacs
Internal Iliacs
External Iliacs
Internal Iliacs
Bilateral, supplies pelvic floor, urinary tract and reproductive system
External Iliacs
Bilateral, travels into leg and branches into:
Deep femoral
Femoral
Deep femoral
lateral to femur, wraps around leg to supply posterior lateral thigh
Femoral
A continuation of the external iliac. Travels down medial thigh to supply posterior, anterior, and medial thigh
Popliteal Artery
Femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery as it passes behind the knee. This artery has an anastomosis with the deep femoral artery.
3 Branches of Popliteal Artery
Anterior Tibial
Posterior Tibial
Peroneal
Anterior Tibial
Supplies anterior foreleg compartment and dorsal foot to dorsalis pedis pulse
Posterior Tibial
Supplies posterior foreleg and plantar surface of foot
Peroneal
supplies blood to the lateral foreleg compartment
Fetal Blood Circulation
Ductus Arteriosus
Foramen Ovale
Ductus Arteriosus
Becomes the Ligamentum Arteriosum
Foraman Ovale
Becomes Fossa Ovalis
Ductus Venosus
Receives oxygen from mom
Veins
Superior Vena Cava
Right and Left Brachiocephalic Veins
External Jugular Vein
Internal Jugular Vein
Right and Left Subclavian Veins
Right and Left Axillary Veins
Brachial Veins
Superior Vena Cava
Drains superior portion of body into right atrium
Branches into Right and Left Brachiocephalic Vein
Right and Left Brachiocephalic Vein
continue on as the right and left subclavian veins at the junction of the internal and external jugular veins
External Jugular
Bilateral, lie on top of the sternocleidomastoid
Internal Jugular
Bilateral, lie inside the carotid sheath (jugular foramen) with the carotid arteries and the vagus nerve. Lies deep to the SCM. Drains cranium (dural sinuses), face and neck.
Right and Left Subclavian Veins
Continue on as the axillary veins bilaterally
Right and Left Axillary Veins
Continue on as Brachial Veins
Cephalic Veins
Bilateral, lie superficially on anterolateral brachiam, observed just under skin
Basilic Veins
Bilateral, lies just superficial on the medial brachial, drains medial arm
Brachial Veins
Bilateral, deep and travels upward behind humerus
Median Cubital Vein
Serves as a common location for blood draws
Azygos and Hemiazygos Veins
Opposite sides, drains intercostal veins into the superior vena cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Right and Left Hepatic Veins
Right and Left Suprarenal Veins
Right and Left Renal Veins
Genital Veins
Left and Right Common Iliac Veins
Internal Iliac Veins
Femoral Veins
Popliteal Veins
Right and Left Hepatic Veins
Drain unoxygenated blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava
Right and Left Suprarenal Veins
Drain adrenal glands
Right and Left Renal Veins
Drain Kidneys
Genital Veins
bilateral, drain testicular and ovarian tissue
Left Genital Vein drains into renal veins
Right Genital Vein drains into inferior vena cava
Left and Right Common Iliac Veins
Come together to drain into inferior vena cava
Internal Iliac Veins
Drains blood from pelvic muscles, skin urinary and reproductive organs
Femoral Veins
Travel through medial, posterior aspect of deep thigh
Popliteal Veins
Travel through popliteal fossa to drain into femoral vein
Two Branches of Popliteal Veins
Anterior Tibial Vein
Posterior Tibial Vein
Anterior Tibial Vein
Drains anterior foreleg
Posterior Tibial Vein
Drains posterior foreleg
Great Saphenous Vein
Bilateral, branches off of the external iliac veins to travel along medial thigh and foreleg. Drains medial leg and foreleg. Bypass surgery used to be done through this, and now it’s either the saphenous or mammary glands.
Hepatic Portal System
Receives unoxygenated, nutrient rich blood from digestive organs and dumps this blood into the liver to store nutrients, detoxify harmful substances, and clean the blood from pathogens.
