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A&P Spring '14 Test 2 > Lecture 14 3/13/14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 3/13/14 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure - 4 Parts

A

ADH

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Erythropoetin

ANH

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2
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

Produced by the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Also known as vasopressin. ADH is released and it tells the collecting ducts of the kidneys to retain water. Produced in response due to decrease in blood volume or increase in osmolarity or electrolyte concentration.

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3
Q

ADH Functions Two Ways

A

Stimulates kidneys to retain H2O, preventing loss in blood volume

Stimulates Vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels to increase blood pressure. Vasopressin is another word for increasing blood pressure

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4
Q

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

A

Increase blood pressure

Starts out because of decreased blood flow to kidneys, so then renin is released from the Kidneys and in conjunction with Angiotensinogen made by the liver and together It creates Angiotensinogen I which is a mild vasoconstrictor, which goes to the lungs and exposed to ACE and it converts Angiotensinogen I to Angiotensinogen II. Angio II is a powerful vasoconstrictor. It then increases aldosterone, increases thirst drive, which helps increase fluid volume, ADH, and vasoconstriction. To ultimately increase blood pressure.

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5
Q

Aldosterone

A

Mineralcorticoid, retain salt, which retains water.

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6
Q

Erythropoetin

A

released from the kidneys, has it effects on bone marrow, to increase red blood cell production. Helps increase hematocrit.

Also released when Blood pressure falls or O2 concentrations decrease.

Results in increased RBC’s, increased O2 carrying capacity

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7
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone/Peptide

A

Hormone produced by specialized cells in the Right Atrium, that when stretched, causes ANH to be produced, causing excretion of Sodium, with that, goes water. decreases blood pressure. Only hormone that decreases blood volume or pressure. Because historically we had no access to water.

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8
Q

Hematocrit

A

PCV - Pack Cell Volume

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9
Q

Why does ANH get released?

A

Because when BP increases too much. Which leads to increase water loss in kidneys, decreases thirst and blocks ADH and Aldosterone

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10
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Functions to oxygenate blood

Pathway - unoxygenated blood leaves pulmonary artery from the right ventricle and travels to the lungs to be oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to the Left Atrium.

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11
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Pathway - take that oxygen blood and send it out to the peripheral tissues and return unoxygenated blood to the heart.

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12
Q

Arteries of the Systemic Circulation

A

Ascending Aorta

Aortic Arch

Vertebral Arteries

Common Carotids

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13
Q

Ascending Aorta

A

Largest artery, first to exit heart,

First branches are the coronary arteries off of the ascending aorta.

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14
Q

Aortic Arch

A

3 Main branches
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Left Common Carotid
Left Subclavian

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15
Q

Brachiocephalic

A

First branch supplies right arm and head.

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16
Q

Right Common Carotid

A

Right Head and Neck

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17
Q

Right Subclavian

A

Right upper extremity and right upper thorax.

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18
Q

Left Common Carotid

A

2nd branch supplies left side of head

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19
Q

Left Subclavian

A

3rd main branch supplies left upper extremity and left thorax.

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20
Q

Vertebral Arteries

A

Both right and left vertebral arteries arise off of the subclavian of their respective sides and travel up through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae to enter the skull through foramen magnum. They come together to form the basilar artery

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21
Q

Common Carotids

A

Travel up just lateral to trachea and deep to the sternocleidomastoid mandible and split into an internal and external carotid artery. At the level of the hyoid bone.

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22
Q

External Carotid

A

Supplies the head outside the skull

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23
Q

4 Main Branches

A

Lingual

Facial

Maxillary

Temporal

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24
Q

Lingual

A

1st branch supplies floor of mandible, goes to the tongue

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25
Q

Facial

A

2nd branch supplies face, travels under the mandible just anterior to the angle of jaw. Continues up medially toward the medial angle of the eye.

Tortuous for jaw movement, opening and closing, stretching

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26
Q

Maxillary

A

3rd branch Supplies maxillary region

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27
Q

Temporal

A

4th branch, but terminal, supplies scalp and external jaw muscles. Pulse can be taken here

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28
Q

Internal Carotid

A

Supplies brain and tissues inside skull. Enters skull through carotid canal

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29
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Blood supply to the brain.

Circular blood supply within the skull that allows for collateral blood supply to the brain.

Considered an anastomosis - a connection between blood vessels that acts as a safety mechanism to ensure a continuous blood supply should a vessel become blocked. It has 2 vertebrals and 2 carotids

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30
Q

Arteries of the Upper Extremity

A

Subclavian (bilateral) -> Axillary (travels through axilla) ->Brachial (travels through arm on medial side, pulse point - brachial pulse

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31
Q

Brachial Splits into

A

Radial - travels down lateral forearm (radial pulse)

Ulnar - travels down medial forearm

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32
Q

Arteries of the Thorax and Abdominal Cavity

A

Aortic Arch -> Thoracic Arch -> Abdominal Aorta

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33
Q

Aortic Arch

A

bends down to travel posteriorly to the heart and lateral to the vertebral column on left side

34
Q

Thoracic Aorta

A

No major branches (small intercostals arteries)

35
Q

Abdominal Aorta

A

branches to Celiac Trunk

Superior Mesenteric

Suprarenals

Renals

Gonadal

Inferior Mesenteric

Common Iliacs

36
Q

Celiac Trunk

A

1st main branch breaks off into the

Left Gastric to Stomach

Hepatic to the Liver

Splenic to the Spleen

37
Q

Superior Mesenteric

A

Unilateral

Supplies Pancreas, small intestines and first 2/3 of upper large intestine

38
Q

Suprarenals

A

Bilateral, supply adrenal glands

39
Q

Renals

A

Bilateral to kidneys

40
Q

Gonadal

A

testicular/ovarian - bilateral, small, lie just below renal just above inferior mesenteric

41
Q

Inferior Mesenteric

A

Unilateral, supplies last 1/3 of large intestine significantly colon and rectum

42
Q

Common Iliacs

A

Bilateral, the abdominal aorta splits into these two main branches at the level of the pelvis

43
Q

Main Branches of Common Iliacs

A

Internal Iliacs

External Iliacs

44
Q

Internal Iliacs

A

Bilateral, supplies pelvic floor, urinary tract and reproductive system

45
Q

External Iliacs

A

Bilateral, travels into leg and branches into:

Deep femoral

Femoral

46
Q

Deep femoral

A

lateral to femur, wraps around leg to supply posterior lateral thigh

47
Q

Femoral

A

A continuation of the external iliac. Travels down medial thigh to supply posterior, anterior, and medial thigh

48
Q

Popliteal Artery

A

Femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery as it passes behind the knee. This artery has an anastomosis with the deep femoral artery.

49
Q

3 Branches of Popliteal Artery

A

Anterior Tibial

Posterior Tibial

Peroneal

50
Q

Anterior Tibial

A

Supplies anterior foreleg compartment and dorsal foot to dorsalis pedis pulse

51
Q

Posterior Tibial

A

Supplies posterior foreleg and plantar surface of foot

52
Q

Peroneal

A

supplies blood to the lateral foreleg compartment

53
Q

Fetal Blood Circulation

A

Ductus Arteriosus

Foramen Ovale

54
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

Becomes the Ligamentum Arteriosum

55
Q

Foraman Ovale

A

Becomes Fossa Ovalis

56
Q

Ductus Venosus

A

Receives oxygen from mom

57
Q

Veins

A

Superior Vena Cava

Right and Left Brachiocephalic Veins

External Jugular Vein

Internal Jugular Vein

Right and Left Subclavian Veins

Right and Left Axillary Veins

Brachial Veins

58
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

Drains superior portion of body into right atrium

Branches into Right and Left Brachiocephalic Vein

59
Q

Right and Left Brachiocephalic Vein

A

continue on as the right and left subclavian veins at the junction of the internal and external jugular veins

60
Q

External Jugular

A

Bilateral, lie on top of the sternocleidomastoid

61
Q

Internal Jugular

A

Bilateral, lie inside the carotid sheath (jugular foramen) with the carotid arteries and the vagus nerve. Lies deep to the SCM. Drains cranium (dural sinuses), face and neck.

62
Q

Right and Left Subclavian Veins

A

Continue on as the axillary veins bilaterally

63
Q

Right and Left Axillary Veins

A

Continue on as Brachial Veins

64
Q

Cephalic Veins

A

Bilateral, lie superficially on anterolateral brachiam, observed just under skin

65
Q

Basilic Veins

A

Bilateral, lies just superficial on the medial brachial, drains medial arm

66
Q

Brachial Veins

A

Bilateral, deep and travels upward behind humerus

67
Q

Median Cubital Vein

A

Serves as a common location for blood draws

68
Q

Azygos and Hemiazygos Veins

A

Opposite sides, drains intercostal veins into the superior vena cava

69
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

Right and Left Hepatic Veins

Right and Left Suprarenal Veins

Right and Left Renal Veins

Genital Veins

Left and Right Common Iliac Veins

Internal Iliac Veins

Femoral Veins

Popliteal Veins

70
Q

Right and Left Hepatic Veins

A

Drain unoxygenated blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava

71
Q

Right and Left Suprarenal Veins

A

Drain adrenal glands

72
Q

Right and Left Renal Veins

A

Drain Kidneys

73
Q

Genital Veins

A

bilateral, drain testicular and ovarian tissue

Left Genital Vein drains into renal veins

Right Genital Vein drains into inferior vena cava

74
Q

Left and Right Common Iliac Veins

A

Come together to drain into inferior vena cava

75
Q

Internal Iliac Veins

A

Drains blood from pelvic muscles, skin urinary and reproductive organs

76
Q

Femoral Veins

A

Travel through medial, posterior aspect of deep thigh

77
Q

Popliteal Veins

A

Travel through popliteal fossa to drain into femoral vein

78
Q

Two Branches of Popliteal Veins

A

Anterior Tibial Vein

Posterior Tibial Vein

79
Q

Anterior Tibial Vein

A

Drains anterior foreleg

80
Q

Posterior Tibial Vein

A

Drains posterior foreleg

81
Q

Great Saphenous Vein

A

Bilateral, branches off of the external iliac veins to travel along medial thigh and foreleg. Drains medial leg and foreleg. Bypass surgery used to be done through this, and now it’s either the saphenous or mammary glands.

82
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A

Receives unoxygenated, nutrient rich blood from digestive organs and dumps this blood into the liver to store nutrients, detoxify harmful substances, and clean the blood from pathogens.

A&P Spring '14 Test 2 (7 decks)

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