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GLGY 305 > lecture 15 > Flashcards

lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What does theopoda mean?

A

beast foot

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2
Q

What are the characters of the therapoda? (5)

A
  • are bipedal
  • active runners
  • have knife-like teeth
  • have extra openings in front of the antorbital fenestrae called the promaxillary fenestrae
  • have large hands with grasping abilities
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3
Q

How do therapods move away from the classical characteristics we think of them having?

A

They evolve omnivory and herbivory, are very toothy to toothless, have diverse ecology and morphology, range from the size of a small bird to a t.rex

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4
Q

Are birds living theropod dinos? How?

A

Yes, they are the lineage of therapods that survived the end cretaceous mass extinction 65 million years ago

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5
Q

What is the most diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates? How many species?

A

birds, have nearly 10,000 species

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6
Q

How did hollow bones help therapods as predators? Do birds also have these?

A

The limb bones of theropods were hollow and likely housed air sacs, the combo of light skeleton and unidirectional breathing made them very active predators

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7
Q

Why are therapods so diverse?

A

They were around the entire age of the dinos so Diversity in therapod habitats led to diversity in morphology of theropods

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8
Q

What is the global distribution of therapods?

A

They have been found on every single continent, rom virtually every kind of terrestrial environment

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9
Q

What are the seven main groups of therapods, start from primitive to most derived?

A

Therapoda
Neotheropoda
Tetanurae
Avetheropoda
Coelurosauria
Maniraptoriformes
Maniraptora

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10
Q

All other therapods outside the herrerasaurus are what?

A

neotheropoda

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11
Q

What are the three characteristics of the neotheropods?

A

Lose digit 5 (pinky) on hand
functionally 3-toed foot (fourth toe suspended in air)
have the furcula present

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12
Q

What is the difference between the theropod and the ornithopod footprint?

A

Theropod footprint has claws, slender toes, longer foot then wide, more of a v shaped outline
The ornithopod footprint has blunt rounded tips, wider toes, wider foot than long, and has a more u shaped foot outline

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13
Q

What is the furcula? What does it do?

A

Is a wishbone/clavicle, it strengthens the thorax but also acts as a spring which allows for efficient flight

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14
Q

How does the furcula act like a spring and allow for more efficient flight?

A

When breast muscles contract, the furcula expands, energy is released when the furcula snaps back to normal position which helps lift wings

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15
Q

What else does the furcula aid in outside of strengthening thorax and helping flight?

A

Aids in respiration, helps to pump air through the air sacs.

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16
Q

Why was it hard to identify dinos as the ancestors of modern birds?

A

Because we couldn’t see the furcula preserved

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17
Q

What did the discovery of the furcula do to change our perception of the therapod body plan?

A

moved the arms from out to the side towards the front of the body

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18
Q

Large neotherpods frequently had what on their heads?

A

elaborate head ornamentation

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19
Q

The ceratosauria belong to which clade? What were they named for?

A

They’re named for having cranial ornamentation and belonged to the neotheropoda

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20
Q

What were the characters of the tetanurae?

A

All have an inflexible tail, all have interlocking zygopophyses on tail vertebrae

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21
Q

What are zygopophyses?

A

projections from neural arches

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22
Q

What group of dinosaurs are within the tetanurae?

A

The megalosauroidea and spinosaurus

23
Q

What dinosaur was the first to be named? What clade is it in?

A

Is in the tetanurae, is the megalosaurus

24
Q

Spinosaurus and it’s relatives (belonging to tetanurae) are considered what? Why?

A

crocodile mimics, because they have a croc like snout and conical teeth- the teeth are not laterally compressed

25
Q

What did spinosaurus likely feed on and why?

A

probably fish/small terrestrial animals, couldn’t resist tortional stresses

26
Q

What are the characteristics of the spinosaurus? (4)

A
  • Is the longest theropod
  • Has aquatic features, such as the position of nares and dense leg bone
  • Had a sail or hump on it’s back- maybe for thermoregulation or display
  • May be partially quadrapedal (only therpod to be this)
27
Q

What were the characteristics of the avetheropoda?

A

Had a three fingered hand, loss digit 4, meat eaters

28
Q

What were the features of the allosauroids (belonging to avetheropoda clade)? (4)

A

-Were the major predator group across most of the world for most of the jurassic and cretaceous)
- Some got very big
- Hunted sauropods
-Have poor fossil record in north america

29
Q

What are the characteristics of the coelurosauria? (2)

A

have an enlarged brain and long, narrow foot

30
Q

What species does the coelurosauria contain?

A

Tyrannosauroidea

31
Q

Did Tyrannosauroidea always act as dominant predators?

A

No , only did after allosauroids extinction

32
Q

How long did the tyrannosauridae last?

A

85-66 ma (not long)

33
Q

Were the tyrannosauridea diverse? What trait was preserved among them?

A

yes, but they all had small two fingered forelimbs

34
Q

Are T.rexes native to north america?

A

No, they’re native to asia

35
Q

What clade do the compsognathidae belong to?

A

Coelurosauria

36
Q

What are the traits of the compsognathids?

A

are small, lightly built runners

37
Q

Why do the comsognathidae have low diversity?

A

due to preservation bias

38
Q

What dinosaur had a color-banded tail?

A

The sinosauropteryx (belonged to comsognathidae->Coelurosauria)

39
Q

What are the traits of Maniraptoriformes? What species belong to this clade?

A

Maniraptoriformes are dinosaurs with pennaceous (bird-like) feathers and wings, includes Ornithomimisauria

40
Q

What are Ornithomimosaurs referred to as?

A

bird-mimic dinosaurs

41
Q

How did Ornithimimsauria use their feathered wings?

A

display/courtship

42
Q

What were the characteristics of the maniraptora? What species belonged to this?

A

Had elongate forelimbs and a semi-lunate wrist bone, species Therisinosauroidea, and Oviraptorsauria belonged to this clade

43
Q

What was the semi-lunate wrist bone?

A

Was a wrist bone that had a half moon shape, allowed motion of the wrist so that the hand could be rotated laterally

44
Q

Why is the semi-lunate wrist bone important for birds?

A

Important because it is that bone that allows modern birds to fold their wings.

45
Q

What unique characteristics did the therizinosaurs (clade: Maniraptora) have?

A

Huge with long claws- were herbivores and only neotheropods with four toe tracks

46
Q

What are the characteristics of the maniraptora?

A
  • Small (<1 m) to large (8 m)
  • Parrot-like head with or without crest, toothless in derived forms.
  • Peg-like spine at top of mouth (for
    eating eggs?)
  • Short tail
  • Feathers on forelimbs
  • Tail fan of feathers on pygostyle-fused bones (vertebrate) at end of tail…like a bird!
47
Q

What are the characteristics of Alvarezsaurs (closest to maniraptora)

A

small, with short arms, small teeth, and seem to be covered in feathers.
Hands are fused.

48
Q

What are the characteristics of the eumaniraptora? What do they include?

A

Includes the raptors with killing claws- have both species Troodontids (e.g. Anchiornis)
* Dromaeosauridae (e.g. Velociraptor)

49
Q

What are the features of the dromaeosauridae? (5)

A
  • Generally small bodied predators
  • Well known from Asia (e.g. Velociraptor)
  • Fighting dinosaurs
  • Some larger forms
  • have feather preening teeth
50
Q

What is the last known step leading upto the birds? What are they?

A

The archaeopteryx, they are the trnasition between non avian dinos and birds as they have features of both (feathers, long tail and hands with claws)

51
Q

What are the evolutionary trends in therapoda?

A

Overall decrease in body mass

52
Q

When did down-like feathers become common, when did wing like feathers become common? When did omnivory and herbivory develop?

A

down-like feathers became common in Coelurosauria, winglike feathers first evolved in maniraptoriformes. Omnivory and herbivory evolved around maniraptoiformes.

53
Q

Redraw the traits refer to slide 52

A

Look at slide 52

GLGY 305 (17 decks)

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