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CPR I > lecture 15+16 > Flashcards

lecture 15+16 Flashcards

1
Q

Development of the RBC

A

proerythrocyte
reticulocyte
erythrocyte (once in circulation)

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2
Q

characteristics of the RBC

A

biconcave disk = max surface area and allows flexibility
no nucleus or organelles
stains with eosin

when stained the middle is not stained, thus white spot in the middle of RBC

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3
Q

What are the azurophilic granules found in all leukocytes

A

elastase
collagenase
myeloperoxidase

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4
Q

characteristics of neutrophils

A

granulocyte

nucleus can have multiple lobs, once they age it looks like a horseshoe

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5
Q

function of neutrophils

A

fastest response to bacteria
phagocytose

can release lysozymes to destroy bacteria
can release defensin to poke holes in bacterial cell walls
can release oxidants to destroy bacteria

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6
Q

characteristics of eosinophils

A

granulocyte
nucleus is bi-lobed
cytoplasm has large granules

4 major proteins: major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, peroxidase, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

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7
Q

function of eosinophils

A

leave the capillaries to enter tissues

go after protozoans and parasites

can release histaminase to neutralize histamine
release arylsulphatase to neutralize leukotrienes

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8
Q

characteristics of basophils

A

granulocyte
diameter is 10-12um
nucleus bi-lobed and irregular shaped
large granules in cytoplasm (goes over nucleus)

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9
Q

function of the basophil

A

heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity

leave capillaries and enter CT

release:
heparin- anticoagulant
histamine: vasodilation
leukotrienes: constriction of SM in airways
interleukin 4+13: promote synthesis of IgE AB

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10
Q

lymphocyte characteristics

A

Agranulocyte
nucleus is dark and round
cytoplasm is narrow
can be found in the lymph

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11
Q

lymphocyte function

A

T cells: differentiate in the thymus
cell-mediated immunity
long life span
attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, and some bacteria

B cells: first seen in bone marrow
production of antibodies
destroy bacteria and their toxins
turn into plasma cells

NK cells:
attack many different microbes and some tumor cells
directly attack invaders

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12
Q

monocyte characteristics

A

Agranulocyte
nucleus is indented and kidney shaped
cytoplasm is a foamy gray
largest WBC

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13
Q

Monocyte functions

A

take longer, but have more
can go into tissues during inflammation
phagocytose bacteria, dead cells, and tissue debris

increased during viral and fungal infections

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14
Q

Development of thrombocytes (platelets)

A

megakaryoblasts
magakaryocyte
thrombocyte

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15
Q

thrombocytes kinds

A

alpha granules:
clotting factors

dense granules:
ADP, ATP, Ca, serotonin, fibrin-stabilizing factor, and thromboxane A2

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16
Q

Thrombocyte functions

A

blood clot formation (hemostasis)

clot retraction and repair injuries

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17
Q

amount of RBC per gender

A

male: 5.5 million per uL
female: 4.8 million per uL

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18
Q

leukocyte amount

A

6000-10000uL

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19
Q

neutrophil amount

A

5000 uL (60-70%)

20
Q

eosinophil amount

A

150 uL (2-4 percent)

21
Q

basophil amount

A

30 uL (0.5%)

22
Q

lymphocyte amount

A

2400 uL (20-25%)

23
Q

monocyte amount

A

350 uL (2-8%)

24
Q

platelet amount

A

250,000-400,000 per mm3

25
Q

Anisocytosis

A

the RBC’s are unequal sizes

26
Q

poikilocytosis

A

the presence the poikilocytes in the blood, which are RBC that have a distorted shape

these cells must make up 10% or more of the blood cell population

cause:
membrane abnormalities

27
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

Genetic defect in hemoglobin molecule (Hb-S):
hydrophilic glutamic acid is replaced by hydrophobic
valine at point 6 in β chain

28
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Caused by variety of molecular defects in the genes that code for spectrin, ankyrin, band 3 and band 4 proteins

results in a spherical shape of the RBC

29
Q

Thalassemia

A

hereditary hypo-chromatic anemia

beta-thalassemia: decreased or absent beta chains, this leads to an excess of alpha chains. unable to form tetramers.

can lead to aggregation

30
Q

polycythemia

A

excessive amount of RBC’s

31
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

little amount of platelets

32
Q

increase in different WBC types

A

neutrophils increase during acute bacterial infection

lymphocytes increase during chronic infection and cancer

monocytes increase during fungal and viral infection

eosinophil increases during parasitic infection

basophils increase during allergic reactions

33
Q

assembly of CM and release into the lymph

A
  1. intestinal epithelial cells from CM containing dietary lipids and release them into the lymph
  2. assembly of apo B-48 with lipids inside the cells need MTP
  3. both apo B-48 and MTP are needed for the CM release into the lymph
34
Q

LPL enzyme

A

This enzyme is anchored in the capillaries of the heart, muscle, and adipose tissue

this enzyme cleaves TAG’s inside the lipoproteins
the released fatty acids are used by the heart, muscle, and fat cells

LPL needs activation by apo C-II which it gets from chylomicrons and VLDL’s

35
Q

What enzyme is insulin dependent?

A

LPL is activated by insulin

36
Q

How are the TAG’s in IDL’s cleaved

A

they are cleaved by hepatic lipase which is anchored in hepatic capillaries and forms LDL

37
Q

how are TAG’s in VLDL cleaved

A

cleaved by LPL to form IDL

38
Q

apo B-48

A

needed for the synthesis and release of CM into the lymph

39
Q

apo B-100

A

Is needed for synthesis and release of VLDLs into the blood and is needed for recognition by the LDL receptor

40
Q

apo-E

A

Apo E is needed for recognition by the hepatic remnant receptors and for the uptake of chylomicron remnants and IDLs into the hepatocytes.

given to CM by VLDL and HDL

41
Q

apo C-II

A

Apo C-II activates lipoprotein lipase which cleaves TAGs in chylomicrons and VLDL

given to CM by VLDL and HDL

42
Q

apo A

A

is needed for the reverse cholesterol transport of HDL.

43
Q

MTP deficiency

A

abetalipoproteinemia

impairs fat absorption

44
Q

loss of functional apo B

A

hypobetalipoproteinemia

low levels of LDL due to apo B levels being low

45
Q

Apo E deficiency

A

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III (Dysbetalipoproteinemia)

high levels of chylomicron remnants and IDLs

46
Q

Apo C-II deficiency

A

Hypertriacylglycerolemia
(hyperlipoproteinemia Type I, IV and V)

high levels of CM and VLDL

47
Q

oxLDL

A

not recognized by the LDL-receptor

The scavenger receptor (SR-A) in macrophages allows uptake of oxLDL and leads to “ foam” cells that can release proinflammatory mediators.

increases risk of atherosclerosis

CPR I (13 decks)

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