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CPR I > 19+20 > Flashcards

19+20 Flashcards

1
Q

Yolk-sac phase, hepatic phase, and bone marrow phase

A

yolk = hematopoiesis begins week 3; formation of blood islands

hepatic = major blood forming organ in second trimester

bone marrow = begins during second trimester
main contributor after birth

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2
Q

hematopoiesis after birth? most to least

A
  1. vertebral and pelvis
  2. sternum
  3. ribs
  4. lymph nodes
  5. femur
  6. tibia
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3
Q

What do the pluripotent stem cells give rise too?

A

Myeloid stem cell and lymphoid stem cell

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4
Q

myeloid stem cell?

A

give rise too:

  1. proerythrocyte (RBC)
  2. megakaryocyte (thrombocytes)
  3. eosinophilic myeloblast (eosinophils)
  4. basophilic myeloblast (basophils)
  5. myeloblast (neutrophil)
  6. monoblast (monocytes)
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5
Q

lymphoid stem cell?

A

T lymphoblast and B lymphoblast

T-cell and B-cell

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6
Q

endosteal niche

A

found in spongy bone

used for storage of stem cells, self-renewal, and inhibition of differentiation

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7
Q

Vascular niche

A

found in bone marrow

Function:
support and promote differentiation
secrete growth factors

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8
Q

Yellow vs red bone marrow

A

Red: active hematopoiesis

yellow: fat, capillaries, reticular cells, inactive hematopoiesis

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9
Q

Erythropoietin / thrombopoietin / cytokines

A

Erythropoietin = produced by the kidney’s to increase RBC precursors

thrombopoietin = hormone from the liver to stimulate platelet formation

cytokines = stimulate proliferation

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10
Q

What stimulates leukocyte production?

A

colony-stimulating factor and interleukin

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11
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

stimulated by hypoxia

  1. proerythroblast
  2. basophilic erythoblast
  3. polychromatophilic erythoblast
  4. orthochromatophilic erythoblast
  5. reticulocyte
  6. RBC
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12
Q

Granulopoiesis

A
  1. myeloblasts
  2. promyeloblast (azurophilic granules)
  3. myeloblast (specific granules)
  4. metamyelocyte
  5. band (horseshoe nucleus)
  6. mature form
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13
Q

MONOCYTOPOIESIS

A
  1. monoblasts
  2. promonocytes
  3. monocytes
  4. once in tissue = macrophages
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14
Q

THROMBOPOIESIS

A
  1. megakaryoblast
  2. megakaryocyte
  3. platelets are formed from the fragments of the megakaryocyte cytoplasm
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15
Q

LYMPHOPOIESIS

A
  1. lymphoblasts
  2. prolymphocytes

from bone marrow to thymus = T-cells

remain in bone marrow = B-cells

NK cells

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16
Q

The role of vitamin K and gamma carboxylation

A

Required for hepatic synthesis of prothrombin (factor II)

factors VII, IX, X, and protein C+S

17
Q

Vit K is a coenzyme for what enzyme

A

gamma- Glutamyl carboxylase

18
Q

What is the benefit of gamma- carboxylation

A

allows for the binding of Ca that allows for efficient clotting

19
Q

What two things are sensitive to Vitamin K

A
  1. INR

2. Factor VII

20
Q

what does calcium chelators do?

A

they bind to all the Ca in the blood, this no clotting occurs

21
Q

What do high levels of D-dimers indicate

A

the possibility of deep vein thrombosis

high risk for pulmonary embolism

22
Q

The roles and prostacyclin and NO?

A

these chemicals are released by the endothelium to prevent aggregation

prostacyclin is an antagonist of thromboxane A2

23
Q

Antithrombin III

A

Binds to and inhibits factor Xa, thrombin (IIa) and other activated clotting factors

24
Q

role of protein C and S

A

Proteins C and S act together to inactivate cofactors Va and VIIIa of coagulation cascade

protein S is a cofactor of protein C

protein C is activated by the binding of thrombomodulin to thrombin

25
Q

The role of plasmin

A

Plasmin causes fibrinolysis releasing fibrin degradation products (D -dimers).

26
Q

Aspirin

A

inhibits thromboxane A2 formation in platelets

irreversible inhibitor of COX

prevents clots

27
Q

heparin

A

activates antithrombin III and inactivates thrombin

prevents clots

28
Q

warfarin

A

Blocks VKOR in the liver and prevents the activation of Vit. K

oral anticoagulant

29
Q

streptokinase

A

Converts plasminogen to plasmin enabling dissolution of clots

30
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator

A

used to dissolve a thrombus

31
Q

Hemophilia A and B

A

X-linked recessive disorder

bleeding time = normal 
platelet count = normal 
INR = normal 
APTT = increased (defect in intrinsic pathway)
32
Q

How to differentiate between hemophilia A and B

A

A = factor VIII deficiency

B = factor IX deficiency

33
Q

Von Willebrand disease

A 
bleeding time = prolonged 
platelet count = normal 
APTT = prolonged 
INR = normal 
vWF = low

defect in platelet plug formation
instability of factor VIII

34
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

increased bleeding time and low platelet count

35
Q

increased bleeding time, but normal/ low platelet count?

A

platelet receptor defects

GpIb defect: Bernard-Soulier syndrome

GpIIb/IIIa defect: Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

CPR I (13 decks)

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