Lecture 14- Sex vs. Gender Flashcards
What is genetic sex?
genetic sex is the chromosome make up for each gender
XX = female
XY = male
What is morphological sex?
what gender an individual looks like (most of the time this is accurate)
What is gender identity?
gender identity is one’s private sense of male or femaleness
What is gender roles?
gender roles are cultural expectations about the way in which men and women SHOULD think and behave
What are gender stereotypes?
gender stereotypes are BELIEFS about differences in the behaviour, abilities, and personality traits of men and women
At the age of 18 months, what about gender do children start to develop?
children around the age of 18 month start to show the beginnings of gendered preferences
When do children develop the knowledge of their own gender?
At the age of 3 children start to acknowledge what gender they are, and what things are for boys and girls, although they tend to think physical features define genders, and that you can change gender depending on what you look like and what you wear and play with
What age gender constancy understood?
typically, by the age of 5 children learn that no matter what they do, they will stay the same gender
What did Gandelman, Volm Saal and Reinish (1977) discover about testosterone?
they found that prenatal exposure to testosterone results in more “male-like” behaviour in females
- female mice lined in a womb next to or in-between male mice show more male like behaviours
What did Ward (1972) find out about deprived males of testosterone?
males deprived of prenatal testosterone behave more like females
Which gender is more verbale competent?
females are more verbale competent
Which gender is more spatially competent?
males are more spatially competent
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a medical issue that makes hormones out of balance, due to adrenal glands lacking in enzyme that keeps hormones in check
Who is Bruce Reimer, and what happened to him?
Bruce Reimer was a Canadian boy who, after a botched circumcision, was raised as a girl named Brenda based on the advice of a psychologist. However, he struggled with his gender identity, transitioned back to living as a boy, and faced many psychological challenges before tragically dying by suicide in 2004
- he proved that gender is not determined by just environment
What did Montemayor (1974) find in his experiment about “gendered games”?
Montemayor (1974) found that children were more likely to choose and enjoy games that were labeled as “gender-appropriate” for their sex, indicating that gender stereotypes influenced their game preferences and behaviors
What did Morrongiello and Dawber (1999) find out about how parents communicate with their children?
Morrongiello and Dawber (1999) found that parents often use different communication styles based on their child’s gender, with mothers being more protective and instructive with daughters and fathers using more encouraging and risk-taking language with sons, which can influence children’s behaviors and attitudes toward risk
What did Smith and Lloyd (1978) find about how mothers communicate with infants?
this experiment found that depending on what gender an infant is portrayed as changes the way a mother behaves with the child
What did Weisner and Silson-Mitchell (1990) find regarding how parents approach gender?
they found that parents that do not subscribe to gender differences in socialisation, have children whose attitudes and behaviour reflect fewer gender stereotypes
