Lecture 11/12- Cognitive Development

Question 1

What is cognitive development?

Answer 1

cognitive development is the process of intellectual growth and development

Question 2

What did Jean Piaget do and believe?

Answer 2

Piaget was the father of cognitive development and observed children of all ages for many years
he proposed a sequence of development that all normal children follow, that they go through all at the same age

Question 3

What is the sensorimotor stage and the components within it?

Answer 3

this stage is for infants from birth to 2 years old
in this stage children develop
- object permanence
- schema formation
- representational thought

Question 4

What is object permance?

Answer 4

this is the idea that objects do not cease to exist when they are out of sight

Question 5

What object permeance do infants have from birth to 3 months?

Answer 5

children between these ages look at visual stimuli and turn head to noise, but once the stimuli is out of view they do not think about it anymore

Question 6

What age is a child is they are able to follow a moving object with their eyes, but will not search for an object if it has disappeared?

Answer 6

a child showing these traits are about 3 months of age

Question 7

What object permeance does a 5 month tend to have?

Answer 7

a 5 month old child will grasp and manipulate objects and will anticipate the future position of an object

Question 8

What object permeance does an 8 month old show?

Answer 8

at 8 months old, children will search from a hidden object with the “A to B” effect, which is where they will look for the object in the last place they found it, not the last place they saw it
most of the time children know where the object is hidden, but their arms override their brain due to motor habit

Question 9

If a child search’s for a object in the last place they saw it, how old are they?

Answer 9

the child will be around 12 months old

Question 10

What is schema?

Answer 10

a schema is a mental framework to help us to organise and interpret information

Question 11

What is assimilation?

Answer 11

the process by which new information is modified to fit in with already existing schemas

Question 12

If a child saw a cat and claimed that it was a ‘dog’, this is an example of?

Answer 12

assimilation

Question 13

What is accomodation?

Answer 13

the process by which an existing schema is modified or changed by new experiences or ideas

Question 14

If a child saw a cat, and learnt that it is not the same as a dog, so therefore developed their schema to include “cats”, this is an example of?

Answer 14

accommodation

Question 15

What is representational thoughts?

Answer 15

this is the ability to form mental representations of others behaviours
Piaget –> Sensorimotor Stage

Question 16

How does a child show that they have developed representational thoughts?

Answer 16

children show this ability through imitation, immediate and deferred, symbolic play and the use of words to represent objects

Question 17

What is the preoperational stage, and what do children develop within it?

Answer 17

children in the preoperational stage are between the age of 2 to 7 years old. in this stage they start to think logically as well as symbolically, they also rapidly develop language ability and counting, as well as object manipulation

Question 18

What is conversion? and how must children understand it graduate out of the preoperational stage?

Answer 18

conversion is the understanding that specific properties of objects remain the same despite apparent changes or arrangement of those objects
children must show an understanding, that even if the properties of the object (height, length, volume), the objects remain the same

Question 19

What is ego centrism? and how would children no longer in the preoperational stage show this?

Answer 19

egocentrism is a child’s belief that others see the world in precisely the same way that he or she does
often the use of a diorama task is used to show a child’s development of this, if the child can predict and explain that from a different view, they would see something different, they are usually no longer in the preoperational stage

Question 20

What is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 20

this stage is see in kids between the ages of 7 to 12
children in this stage develop the ability to perform logical analysis, empathies with the thoughts and feelings of others, and understand complex cause-effect relations

Question 21

What is the formal operations stage?

Answer 21

often only contains children from the age of 12 and up
children in this stage have abstract reasoning and metacognition, which is the ability to think about thinking and thought process
also dependent on exposure to principles of scientific thinking

Question 22

What is ‘The Effect of Occlusion’?

Answer 22

this is a habituation procedure, where infants prefer to pay attention to novel things

Question 23

What do babies prefer to look at, even from newborn?

Answer 23

infants prefer to look a faces rather than scrambles faces

Question 24

From what age will babies start to try imitate facial expressions?

Answer 24

from the age of 3 weeks

Question 25

At what age do children usually start to follow their mother gaze?

Answer 25

from the age of 9 months