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Bio 361 > lecture 14: Overview of Nervous System > Flashcards

lecture 14: Overview of Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

The more interneurons in a pathway…

A

the greater the ability to integrate and process information

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2
Q

Nervous system contains what pathways

A

sensory pathways, integrating centers, and output pathways

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3
Q

The Central Nervous system is made up of what pathways/centers?

A

Integrating centers, made of interneurons

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system is made up of what pathways?

A

sensory pathways (sensory receptors) and output pathways (effector organs: ie. muscles and glands)

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5
Q

Most nervous sytesm have three functional divisions

How are Cnidarians the exception?

A
  • 3 divisions: afferent sensory division, integrating centers, and efferent division
  • cnidarians have an interconnected web or nerve net, neurons do not specialize into divisions, and are functionally bipolar, able to radiate impulses out from stim.
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6
Q

What two animal groups do not have bilateral symmetry or cephalization

A

cnidarians and echinoderms

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7
Q

Evolutionary trend of nervous systems

A
  • cephalization, concentrating of sense organs at anterior end,
  • and groups of neurons into ganglia and brain
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8
Q

ganglia:

A

groupings of neuronal cell bodies interconnected by synapses

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9
Q

Nerves:

A

grouping of axons of afferent and efferent neurons

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10
Q

Brain:

A

complex integrating center in anterior region made of clusters of ganglia and tras

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11
Q

nuclei

A

groupins of neuronal cell bodies within the brain

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12
Q

tracts

A

groupings of axons within the brain

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13
Q

Types of info integration from simple to complex

A

arc reflexes,
rhyhmic behaviour (pattern generator, breathing, locomotion),
voluntar behaviour (picking things up, fighting, reading),
learning and memory,
creativity,
consciousness

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14
Q

Reflexes can involve as few as

A

two neurous (monosynaptic) or more (polysynaptic)

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15
Q

Reflexes:

A
  • rapid, automatic, and involuntary responses
  • preserve homeostasis and integrity of body through rapid adjustments in function or organs
  • little variability, same response each time
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16
Q

Reflexes: classification

A

by development: -innate (genetic) or acquired/learned
by processing sites: spinal or cranial
by response: somatic (skeletal muscles) or visceral/autonomic (smooth muscle, cardiac, and glands)
by complexity: monosynaptic (afferent directly to efferent; two neurons only) or polysynaptic (seperated by interneurons)

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17
Q

Reflex arcs: Convergence

A

allows spatial summation

-multiple neurons to one effected site

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18
Q

reflex arcs: divergence

A

amplify signals and allow the nervous system to engage in parallel processing
-one reflex to multiple effected sites

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19
Q

reflex arcs: partial processing

A

both convergence and divergence

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20
Q

how can brain influence reflex arcs?

A

can amplify or inhibit them at interneural integrating sites

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21
Q

CNS vs PNS: aggregation of cell bodies

A

CNS: nuclei
PNS: ganglia

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22
Q

CNS vs PNS: bundle of myelinated axons

A

CNS: tracts
PNS: nerves

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23
Q

CNS vs PNS: glial cells that produce myelin

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes-myelinate several axons at once
PNS: schwann cells-only able to myelinate one axon segment

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24
Q

CNS is protected by

A
  • skull and vertebrae
  • meninges: layers of connective tissue
  • cerebral spinal fluid: fills space within meninges to act as shock absorber
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25
Q

CNS is isolated by

A

blood-brain barrier

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26
Q

Meninges

A
  • layers of connective tissue around CNS
  • continual with spinal meninges
  • 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
  • fish have one, amph, reptiles, and birds have two
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27
Q

CSF

A
  • formed by choroid plexus in roof of each ventricle, then secreted into the ventricles, then central canal of spinal cord, into subarachnoid space around CNS, and into the venous circulation
  • secreted by ependymal cells, which also adjust its composition
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28
Q

Blood-brain barrier: isolates the CNS

A

formed by -network of tight junctions btw endothelial cells of CNS capillaries

  • thick basal membrane
  • end-foot processes of astrocytes
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29
Q

BBB permeability

A
  • only lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, alcohols, and prostaglandins diffuse freely into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord
  • water and ions must pass through channels (tightly controlled
  • larger water soluble compounds (glucose and amino acids) cross via facilitated diffusion or active transport
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30
Q

cells controlling BBB

A

astrocytes: release chemicals controlling permeability of endothelium
pericytes regulate blood flow

31
Q

3 locations in BBB of greater permeability

A
  1. hypothalamus to secrete hormones into blood
  2. pituitary gland: secrete hormones (ADH, oxytocin, etc) in blood
  3. pineal glands: pineal secretinos into blood
    - thus all permeable sites allow hormone release into body
32
Q

gray matter

A

neuronal cell bodies (interneurons)

33
Q

white matter

A

bundles of axons and myelin sheaths

34
Q

different of matter of brain and spinal cord

A

spinal cord white matter is on surface and gray matter on inside; its opposite for cerebral cortex

35
Q

spinal cord regions

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral (caudal; not in humans)

36
Q

spinal cord as an integrating center

A
  • spinal reflexes are involuntary and rapid
  • brain receives sensory info as reflex occurs
  • cord sends info to brain and receives instruction from brain
37
Q

the brain is ______, and filled with ____

A

hollow, filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

38
Q

2 major regions of brain

A

hindbrain=rhombencephalon
midbrain=mesencephalon
forebrain=prosencephalon

39
Q

hindbrain functions and parts

A
  • supports vital functions like breathing, circulation, and movement
  • made of cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
40
Q

cerebellum

A

site of sensorimotor integration: integrates sense info from eyes, ears, and muscles
-2 functions: fine tuned motor coordination and maintaining posture/balance; does not INITIATE movement

41
Q

pons

A

a relay station between higher and lower brains

  • contains tracts that comm btw the two
  • controls alertness and initiates sleep and dreaming, and helps regulate breathing
42
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • regulates vital functions: breathing , heart rate, diameter of blood vessels, and blood pressure
  • controls reflexes and contains pathways between spinal cord and brain
43
Q

Midbrain:

A

involved with coordinated behavior (largest in fish and amphibians)

  • processes and integrates sensory info
  • fine muscle control
  • alertness
44
Q

Tegumentum

A

part of midbrain

  • helps with fine muscle control
  • relex response to sensory stimulation
45
Q

Tectum

A

part of midbrain

  • superior colliculi (eye reflex)
  • inferior colliculi (processes auditory signals
46
Q

Forebrain function and parts:

A

process and integrate sensory info, and coordinated behaviour
-cerebrum, olfactory bulb, thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland

47
Q

cerebrum

A
  • integrates and interprets sensory info and initiates voluntary movements
  • in higher vertebrates it takes over many roles of midbrain
48
Q

thalamus

A

integrates, filters, and relays info (except olfactory) to primary sensory cortex

49
Q

epithalamus

A

contains the pineal gland and involved in circadian rhythms

50
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls internal organs, homeostasis, and regulates endocrine system through the pituitary gland

51
Q

cerebral cortex is folded to…

A

increase functional complexity, is correlated with intelligence

52
Q

Cerebrum:

A

divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum, tracts of axons linking the two sides
-outer layer is called the cerebral cortex

53
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • initiates voluntary movements
  • integrates and interprets sensory information
  • in humans, allows concentration, reason, speach, and abstract thinking
54
Q

inner layer of cerebrum contains

A

tracks sending info to various parts of brain (corpus callosum)
-basal nuclei involved in subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns

55
Q

mammal cerebral cortex is arranged…

A

in layers, with shape and density of neurons differing among layers
-gives the cortex high computational complexity

56
Q

lobes of brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

57
Q

two cortexes dividing the frontal and parietal lobes

A

primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex

58
Q

somatosensory and primary motor cortex

A

govern control of various body parts

59
Q

limbic system

A

network of connected structures that lie between cortex and rest of brain

  • includes hypothalamus, amygdala, olfactory bulbs, and hippocampus
  • influences emotions, motivation, and memory
  • limbic system therefore MAKES us want to do things
60
Q

Peripheral nervous system: nerve structure

A

parallel bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons enclosed in several layers of connective tissue

61
Q

mixed nerves

A

contain both afferent and efferent neurons

62
Q

cranial nerves

A

exit directly from braincase

63
Q

spinal nerves

A

emerge fro the spinal cord

64
Q

PNS divisions

A

efferent and afferent (sensory) branch

65
Q

PNS efferent divisions

A

autonomic division and somatic motor division

66
Q

PNS autonomic divisions

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

67
Q

somatic motor pathways

A

control skeletal muscles

“voluntary nervous system”, except for reflexes

68
Q

neurons of somatic motor pathway

A
  • only one neuron from CNS to skeletal muscles, with its cell body in the CNS
  • all neurons of somatic motor division release Acetylcholine as chem messener
  • receptors for ACT are all the same in all skeletal muscles cells: nicotinic receptors
69
Q

autonomic pathways

A
  • control smooth/cardiac muscles, and glands
  • usually not conscious control
  • ‘involuntary nervous system’
  • involved in homeostasis
70
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • most active during periods of stress or physical activity

- fight or flight response

71
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • most active during periods of rest

- ‘resting and digesting system’

72
Q

enteric

A

independent of sym/parasym

-affects digestion by innervating the GI tract, pancreas, and gall bladder

73
Q

sym/parasympathetic systems: dual innervation

A
  • together maintain homeostasis
  • responses are opposite
  • some effectors receive only sympathetic innervations ie, adrenal medulla, most blood vessels
74
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic NOT like somatic

A

-pathways contain neurons in series
-neurons synapse with each other in autonomic ganglia
-one preganglionic neuron may synapse with many postganglionic neurons (divergence- amplification of signal)
sym-10 or more neurons
para-3 or more

Bio 361 (17 decks)

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