Lecture 1: intro Flashcards
Define Physiology
Study of mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of living organisms
3 categories of response to changes in external environment
Regulation (maintaining internal environment)
Avoidance/Behavioral tricks
Conformity (change internal environment)
Homeostasis
intracellular environment kept at an optimal range of pH, temp., etc. required for cells to work
-controlled by feedback loops or reflex control pathways, negative feedback loops, and positive feedback loops
Types of cell communication: Direct
protein channels allow direct transport of chemical messengers
Types of cell communication: Indirect (list)
- autocrine & paracrine
- Endocrine
- Neural
- Neuroendocrine
- exocrine (external exchange of chemical messengers, ie. pheromones)
Autocrine & Paracrine
- auto=cell excretes chem. messenger or hormones that bind to the receptors of the same cell to causes changes within the cell
- para=short distance exchange of chemical messengers
Endocrine
long range chem. signaling that uses the circulatory system for cell to cell comm.
Neural
Comm. between cells via specialized nerve cells and action potentials that send out special chemical messengers call neurotransmitters
Neuroendocrine
makes use of nerve cells as in neural comm. and circulatory system as in endocrine comm.
Feedback loop
- Variable (change occurs)>2. Sensor (Change is detected)>3. Info passed to integrator>4. Integrator processes info and 5. passes decision to effector>6. Effector carries out the response>7. Response either counteracts the change in “1.” (Negative Feedback) or increases the change (Positive Feedback)
Which levels does Feedback regulation occur?
All levels: both local (paracrine and autocrine) and long distance (nervous and endocrine)
Nervous system summary
incoming stimulus=sensory receptors>afferent neuron>interneuron/integrating center (brain, ganglion)>efferent neuron>effector organ (muscles, glands)=output
