Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

5) FDSC 300 > Lecture 14- Mycotoxins > Flashcards

Lecture 14- Mycotoxins Flashcards

1
Q

What are Mycotoxins?

A

filamentous fungi that can develop on food commodities and produce chemical toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the toxins formed from?

A

Secondary products produced by fungus

Aspergillus, Fusarium & Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes mutations in the DNA?

A

Neurotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do some of these secondary metabolites do?

A

T2- leakiness in intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are many mycotoxins found?

A

cereals because ther are mostly attacked by fungus, not bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are mycotoxins easy to destroy?

A

Yes, difficult, heat stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the major classes of mycotoxins?

A
  1. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, M1, M2, G1 and G2)
  2. Ochratoxins (ochratoxin A, OTA)
  3. Trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol – DON, T2 and HT-2)
  4. Fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB3 and patulin, a mycotoxin that occurs mainly in apples & apple products)
  5. Zearalenone (ZEN)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The if the food chain?

A

Pre-harvest -> Harvest-> Post harvest -> Processing-> Distribution-> Marketing -> Consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where can toxins contaminate?

A

Field fungi

Storage fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do Aflatoxins contaminate?

A

Sorghum, Soy, corn, wheat, barley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do trichothecenes contaminte?

A

Barley, oats, sorghum, soy, Corn, wheat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does Zearaleone contaminate?

A

Wheat, sorghum, corn, barley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the method of control?

A

Physical, Chemical and biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What materials can be used to absorb mycotoxins?

A

: silicon – clay powders ( fed to animals, binds to toxins and is excreted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some of the physical methods?

A

Grinding, heat treatment, irradiatin degradation, inorganic absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the chemical methods?

A

alkilization, ozone degradation

17
Q

Are chemical methods always feasable?

A

No

18
Q

What are the biological methods?

A

microbial adsorption, microbiocaldegradation, biological degration
–> enzymes

19
Q

What is a con of control?

A

Energy required

20
Q

When can UV rays be applies?

A

only decontaminate the surface

21
Q

What arr the Characteristics of Aspergillus Fiavus and parasiticus?

A

Soluble in polar organic solvents
Poorly soluble in water
Stable in neutral solution, resistant to strong acids, reapid decomposition in alkaline solution
Produce flruoresence, destructive for low concentration
Stable in 200C, decomposed at 268C

22
Q

What is ZEN (Fusarium graminearum)

A

Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in hexane, soluble in alkali
Stable in neutral and acid
Ester bond will open in alkaline (high concentraion)
Blue-green fluoresence
Melting point is 161C

23
Q

What is Deoxynivalenol (DON)?

A 
Easily soluble in wate rand polar
insoluble in hexane and diethyl ether
Sensitive to alkaline
Stable in neutral and acid
Existing aborption peak under short wave UV
Decomposed under high UV
Reisitant to heat
Stable in 120C for 1hr
Decomposed at 170C for 15mins under pH10
24
Q

Which toxins are hard to detroy with normal cooking?

A

DON
ZEN
AFB

25
Q

What happens to aflatoxins once they are in the body?

A

They become more toxic

26
Q

Effect of Aflatoxin

A

Carcinogen

27
Q

Effect of Citrinin?

A

Nephrotoxic

28
Q

Effect of Fumonosin

A

Carcinogen

Hepatogen

29
Q

Trichothedecenes effect

A

Cytoxic

Immunosuppresive

30
Q

Effect of ochratoxin

A

Carcinogen
Nephrotoxin
Hepatoxin
Tetratoxin

31
Q

Effect of Patulin

A

Carcinogen
Immunotoxin
Genetoxin

32
Q

Zearalenone

A

Esterogen activity

Potential caricnogen and tetragenic

33
Q

Steps of mycotoxin analysis

A

Sampling
Pre treatment
Clean up
Detection

34
Q

What happens during sampling?

A
  • Mycotoxin-sampling plan defined by a mycotoxin test procedure & defined accept/reject limit
  • Traditional approaches may not be adequate (since pop could be heterogeneous)
  • Number of containers sampled can vary from ¼ (less than 20 metric tons) to the square root of the total number of containers for large lots (>20 metric tons)
  • Whole primary sample must be ground and mixed so that the analytical test portion has the same concentration of toxin as the original sample
35
Q

What ar ehte pre-treatment methods?

A 
Liquid -liq extraction
Supercritical fluid extraction
Solid phase extraction
Solid phase concentration
Solid Phase micro extraction

5) FDSC 300 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions