Lecture 14 - Living Primates 2

Question 1

What are the two suborders of primates?

Answer 1

Strepsirrhines and Haplorrhines.

Question 2

Which primates fall under Haplorrhini vs Strepsirhini?

Answer 2

Haplorrhines - Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans
Strepsirrhines - lemurs and lorises

Question 3

What are the infraorders of Haplorrhines?

Answer 3

• Tarsiiformes (tarsiers)
• Platyrrhini (new world monkeys)
• Catarrhini (old world monkeys)

Question 4

What are the key features of Haplorrhines?

Answer 4

• full postorbital closure
• fovea (depression in the retina inside the eye, allows us to see up close in detail)
• dry nose
• trichromatic vision

Question 5

What is the dental formula for Platyrrhini?

Answer 5

2.1.3.3

Question 6

What locomotion types are common in Platyrrhini?

Answer 6

• Arboreal quadrupeds
• Suspensions
• Leaping groups

Question 7

What is a unique feature of Platyrrhini tails?

Answer 7

Prehensile tails

Question 8

What distinguishes male and female platyrrhines in terms of color vision?

Answer 8

Male platyrrhines are dichromatic; females can be dichromatic (homozygous) or trichromatic (heterozygous)

Question 9

What are the Callitrichidae?

Answer 9

Marmosets and tamarins.

Question 10

Key characteristics of Callitichidae?

Answer 10

• small
• claw nails
• arboreal quadrupeds
• diet - fruit, insects

Question 11

What is the dental formula for Catarrhines?

Answer 11

2.1.2.3

Question 12

Where are Catarrhines primarily found?

Answer 12

Africa and Asia

Question 13

What types of locomotion do Catarrhines exhibit?

Answer 13

• Terrestrial quadrupeds
• Arboreal quadrupeds
• Suspenders
• Leaping groups

Question 14

What is sexual dimorphism?

Answer 14

Two sexes of a species differ in external appearance

Question 15

What is a defining feature of Catarrhines’ teeth?

Answer 15

• the honing canine (upper canine sharpens on lower teeth, lower canine sharpens on upper teeth)
• diastema (space between teeth to fit large canine)

Question 16

What are the two main groups of Catarrhines?

Answer 16

• Cercopithecoidea (monkeys)
• Hominoidea (apes and humans)

Question 17

Cercopithecoidea and ischial callosites.

Answer 17

Cercopithecoidea have ischial callosites which are sit pads, a flattened part over the ischium where callouses form.

Question 18

What are the two subfamilies of Cercopithecoidea?

Answer 18

• Colobinae (leaf monkeys)
• Cercopithecinae (cheek pouch monkeys)

Question 19

What are the characteristics of colobus/leaf monkeys?

Answer 19

• arboreal
• natal coats (baby is a different colour than parents)

Question 20

What defines cercopithecinae/cheek pouch monkeys?

Answer 20

• cheek pouches
• larger incisors
• folivorous

Question 21

What are some species of the Hominoids?

Answer 21

• gorillas
• humans
• chimpanzees
• bonobos
• orangutans

Question 22

What are the key characteristics of hominoids?

Answer 22

• bipedal (habitual or temporary)
• larger brain
• brachiation
• no tail
• globular humeral head

Question 23

How do cercopithecoids and hominoids compare in life history?

Answer 23

• Cercopithecoids - 1-2 years
• Hominoids - 4-9 years

Question 24

How do cercopithecoids and hominoids differ in dentition?

Answer 24

• hominoids have the Y5 molar (y shaped indent in molar)
• cercopithecoids - have the bilophidant molar (two parallel indentations separated by a depression)

Question 25

Hominoid dental formula.

Answer 25

2.1.2.3

Question 26

What are the 5 genuses of hominoids?

Answer 26

* Hylobatids * Pongo * Pan * Gorilla * Homo

Question 27

Characteristics of hylobatids

Answer 27

* gibbons and siamangs * brachiators * monogamous

Question 28

Characteristics of Pongo.

Answer 28

* sexually dimporhic * frugivores * solitary

Question 29

Characteristics of gorilla.

Answer 29

* sexually dimporphic * knuckle walkers

Question 30

Characteristics of pan troglodytes.

Answer 30

- chimpanzees - sexually dimporphic - knuckle walking and suspensory

Question 31

Characteristics of pan paniscus.

Answer 31

- bonobos - only in the DRC - sexual interactions not only for reproduction but for pleasure

Question 32

Who are the trimates

Answer 32

- Diane Fossey - Birute Galdikas - Jane Goodall

Question 33

Characteristics of genus homo.

Answer 33

- Y5 tooth cusp pattern - long life history - orthognathic faces/flat faces

Question 34

What is a airorhynchy face shape

Answer 34

Face swoops upwards.

Question 35

What is a klinorhynky face shape

Answer 35

Face goes down on an angle.

Question 36

What do frugivores teeth look like

Answer 36

- large incisors - low rounded cusps - mildly complex digestive tract

Question 37

What do folivores teeth look like

Answer 37

- narrow incisors - high cusps on molars - shearing crests - complex digestive tract

Question 38

What do insectivores teeth look like

Answer 38

- sharp pointy teeth, molars too - simple digestive system

Question 39

What do gummivores teeth look like

Answer 39

- dental comb

Question 40

What are arboreal quadrupeds. What are their characteristics.

Answer 40

Animals that use all four limbs for locomotion and climb in trees. - tail - grasping foot - narrow thorax - legs and arms are similar length

Question 41

What are terrestrial quadrupeds. What are their characteristics.

Answer 41

Animals that use four limbs for locomotion and travel on land. - shorter tail - short digits - restricted shoulder joint - narrow thorax - knuckle walking

Question 42

What are suspensory brachiators. What are their characteristics.

Answer 42

Animals that use arms to swing from branches. - curved tail - usually no tail - dorsal scapula