Lecture 14 - Living Primates 2 Flashcards
What are the two suborders of primates?
Strepsirrhines and Haplorrhines.
Which primates fall under Haplorrhini vs Strepsirhini?
Haplorrhines - Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans
Strepsirrhines - lemurs and lorises
What are the infraorders of Haplorrhines?
- Tarsiiformes (tarsiers)
- Platyrrhini (new world monkeys)
- Catarrhini (old world monkeys)
What are the key features of Haplorrhines?
- full postorbital closure
- fovea (depression in the retina inside the eye, allows us to see up close in detail)
- dry nose
- trichromatic vision
What is the dental formula for Platyrrhini?
2.1.3.3
What locomotion types are common in Platyrrhini?
- Arboreal quadrupeds
- Suspensions
- Leaping groups
What is a unique feature of Platyrrhini tails?
Prehensile tails
What distinguishes male and female platyrrhines in terms of color vision?
Male platyrrhines are dichromatic; females can be dichromatic (homozygous) or trichromatic (heterozygous)
What are the Callitrichidae?
Marmosets and tamarins.
Key characteristics of Callitichidae?
- small
- claw nails
- arboreal quadrupeds
- diet - fruit, insects
What is the dental formula for Catarrhines?
2.1.2.3
Where are Catarrhines primarily found?
Africa and Asia
What types of locomotion do Catarrhines exhibit?
- Terrestrial quadrupeds
- Arboreal quadrupeds
- Suspenders
- Leaping groups
What is sexual dimorphism?
Two sexes of a species differ in external appearance
What is a defining feature of Catarrhines’ teeth?
- the honing canine (upper canine sharpens on lower teeth, lower canine sharpens on upper teeth)
- diastema (space between teeth to fit large canine)
What are the two main groups of Catarrhines?
- Cercopithecoidea (monkeys)
- Hominoidea (apes and humans)
Cercopithecoidea and ischial callosites.
Cercopithecoidea have ischial callosites which are sit pads, a flattened part over the ischium where callouses form.
What are the two subfamilies of Cercopithecoidea?
- Colobinae (leaf monkeys)
- Cercopithecinae (cheek pouch monkeys)
What are the characteristics of colobus/leaf monkeys?
- arboreal
- natal coats (baby is a different colour than parents)
What defines cercopithecinae/cheek pouch monkeys?
- cheek pouches
- larger incisors
- folivorous
What are some species of the Hominoids?
- gorillas
- humans
- chimpanzees
- bonobos
- orangutans
What are the key characteristics of hominoids?
- bipedal (habitual or temporary)
- larger brain
- brachiation
- no tail
- globular humeral head
How do cercopithecoids and hominoids compare in life history?
- Cercopithecoids - 1-2 years
- Hominoids - 4-9 years
How do cercopithecoids and hominoids differ in dentition?
- hominoids have the Y5 molar (y shaped indent in molar)
- cercopithecoids - have the bilophidant molar (two parallel indentations separated by a depression)
Hominoid dental formula.
2.1.2.3
What are the 5 genuses of hominoids?
- Hylobatids
- Pongo
- Pan
- Gorilla
- Homo
Characteristics of hylobatids
- gibbons and siamangs
- brachiators
- monogamous
Characteristics of Pongo.
- sexually dimporhic
- frugivores
- solitary
Characteristics of gorilla.
- sexually dimporphic
- knuckle walkers
Characteristics of pan troglodytes.
- chimpanzees
- sexually dimporphic
- knuckle walking and suspensory
Characteristics of pan paniscus.
- bonobos
- only in the DRC
- sexual interactions not only for reproduction but for pleasure
Who are the trimates
- Diane Fossey
- Birute Galdikas
- Jane Goodall
Characteristics of genus homo.
- Y5 tooth cusp pattern
- long life history
- orthognathic faces/flat faces
What is a airorhynchy face shape
Face swoops upwards.
What is a klinorhynky face shape
Face goes down on an angle.
What do frugivores teeth look like
- large incisors
- low rounded cusps
- mildly complex digestive tract
What do folivores teeth look like
- narrow incisors
- high cusps on molars
- shearing crests
- complex digestive tract
What do insectivores teeth look like
- sharp pointy teeth, molars too
- simple digestive system
What do gummivores teeth look like
- dental comb
What are arboreal quadrupeds. What are their characteristics.
Animals that use all four limbs for locomotion and climb in trees.
- tail
- grasping foot
- narrow thorax
- legs and arms are similar length
What are terrestrial quadrupeds. What are their characteristics.
Animals that use four limbs for locomotion and travel on land.
- shorter tail
- short digits
- restricted shoulder joint
- narrow thorax
- knuckle walking
What are suspensory brachiators. What are their characteristics.
Animals that use arms to swing from branches.
- curved tail
- usually no tail
- dorsal scapula
