lecture 14: life history part 1

Question 1

Life history is

Answer 1

• Lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction
• strategy for survival and reproduction e.g. fitness
• shared strategy connects indiv within a pop’n

Question 2

Asexual offspring

Answer 2

-Genetic clones of parents

Not much genetic variation because no secual recombination of DNA

Question 3

Types of asexual reproduction

Answer 3

1. Fission: eg bacteria split into 2
2. Budding: eg hydra- freshwater jellyfish
3. Parthenogenesis: female’s egg gives rise to offspring with no paternal contribution
4. Fungi asexual spores (mitosis)
5. Vegetative reproduction (eg stolons and rhizomes - root thingy)
6. Apomixis: unfertilkized seeds

Question 4

portfolio effect

Answer 4

in sexual reproduction, genetic diversity minimizes the volatility of the pop’s response to changes in environment condition

Question 5

unisexual

Answer 5

separate male and female indiv

Question 6

hermaphroditic

Answer 6

indiv possess both female and males organs (rapid expansion following colonization)

Question 7

dioecious

Answer 7

unisexual plants, having male and female organs on SEPARATE plants

Question 8

bisexual

Answer 8

type of hermaphroditic species plants:

• perfect
• both male organs (stamens) and female organs on the same flower

Question 9

monoecious

Answer 9

type of hermaphroditic species plants:

• imperfect
• male and female organs on separate flowers by on the same plant

Question 10

simultaneous hermaphroditic

Answer 10

e. g. earth worms possess both male and female sex organs simultaneously (they reproduce sexually though)
- keep both organs during life time

Question 11

sequentially hermaphroditic

Answer 11

will change from one sex to the other (and typically cannot revert)
-e.g. parrot fish, the removal of a female stimulates males to become female. less often the removal of a male induces the largest female to replace him.

Question 12

Monogamy

Answer 12

single pair bond between 2 indiv (e.g. red foxes), homogenous territories

Question 13

Polygamy

Answer 13

heterogeneous territories defended by the parent not responsible with rearing the offspring

Question 14

polygyny

Answer 14

1 male and many female mates, females rear offspring

Question 15

polyandry

Answer 15

1 female and many male mates, male raises offspring

**eusocial: dominant breeding female

Question 16

promiscuity

Answer 16

no pair bonds - males provide no resources or parenting help

Question 17

Outcrossing

Answer 17

Reproductive fertilization (eg pollen from one plant fertilizes an egg from another plant)

Question 18

Autogamy

Answer 18

Self fertilized seed (self fertilization, strongest form of inbreeding)

Question 19

Apomixis

Answer 19

Unfertilized seed (without meiosis and sexual recombination)

Question 20

Intrasexual selection

Answer 20

Within-sex competition for mates’ promotes sex traits like aggressiveness, etc

Question 21

Intersexual selection

Answer 21

• between sexes (attractiveness)
• courtship and ornamentation
• results in assortative mating: mate choice based on phenotypoic traits
• often the female’s choice (not always)

Question 22

Trade-offs of sexual selection

Answer 22

• Fitness requires reproduction, not just survival
• traits can become advantageous which actually decrease your survival (as long as it increases your attractiveness)
• peacock tails, swordtail fish

Question 23

Risks and benefits of sexual reproduction

Answer 23

risks: swimming efficiency is lower in swordfish, higher predationpredation for swordfish
Benefits: increased reproductive success

Question 24

What is Wattled Jacana

Answer 24

• birds with long toes in aquatic habitat
• polyandry: female mates with as many mates as possible, males incubate eggs and raise offspring
• females compete for mates and territory
• reasoln: crocodile predates their eggs, so they want to have as many eggs as possible

Question 25

what is mate choice based on

Answer 25

1. Perceived genetics
   - ability to survive, bright colors show Hugh resistance against parasites and disease
2. Provision of resources
   - males that defend territories come with resources, balance mate quality and territory quality