lecture 14 - DNA replication + Mitosis

Question 1

Why does cell division occur?

Answer 1

to Develop, Replace, and Repair

Question 2

Mitotic Phase

Answer 2

short period of cell separation (condense and separate)

Question 3

G1

Answer 3

normal cell functions

Question 4

Synthesis

Answer 4

cell replication

Question 5

G2

Answer 5

growing and checking (preparing for separation)

Question 6

G0

Answer 6

when the cell doesn’t divide again, it leaves and goes back into place

Question 7

DNA structure

Answer 7

nucleotide monomers; sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

Question 8

DNA structure bond types

Answer 8

backbone = covalent, bonds = hydrogen

Question 9

DNA structure formation

Answer 9

ALWAYS 5’ to 3’

Question 10

why is polarity important w/ DNA

Answer 10

polymerization can only occur on one end (3’)

Question 11

template strand

Answer 11

always when replicating, DNA uses one old, template, strand

Question 12

what breaks DNA

Answer 12

differing proteins (enzymes)

Question 13

Prokaryotes origin

Answer 13

round with 1 origin

Question 14

Eukaryotes origin

Answer 14

strands with a multitude of origins

Question 15

Helicase

Answer 15

separates strands of double helix

Question 16

ssBinding proteins

Answer 16

stabilizes the broken bonds so they do not form new ones right away

Question 17

Topoisomerase

Answer 17

outside location to relieve the strain of the breaking of the bonds

Question 18

Primase

Answer 18

RNA primer for next step of creation

Question 19

Elongation

Answer 19

polymerase adds DNA bases to elongate the new DNA (3’ end only), IN BOTH DIRECTIONS

Question 20

Polymerase

Answer 20

builds new DNA (5’ to 3’), by adding a base template

Question 21

lagging strand

Answer 21

RNA primers between Okazaki are removed, polymerase fills in, ligase creates a covalent backbone

Question 22

Okazaki fragments

Answer 22

during the lagging strand, help elongate

Question 23

Ligase

Answer 23

catalyzes two bonds together

Question 24

semi conservative replication

Answer 24

one old strand + one new strand ALWAYS

Question 25

Chromosome

Answer 25

2 full sister copies

Question 26

Chromatid

Answer 26

1 sister copy

Question 27

Centromere

Answer 27

attaches chromatid copies

Question 28

Histones

Answer 28

organize DNA in the nucleus

Question 29

Interphase

Answer 29

after replication there is 2 chromatids

Question 30

Prophase

Answer 30

condense the chromatids and spindle them

Question 31

Prometaphase

Answer 31

nuclear envelope breaks down to contact microtubules to chromosomes

Question 32

Metaphase

Answer 32

complete migration of chromosomes to center of the cell

Question 33

what moves chromosomes

Answer 33

cytoskeleton and proteins

Question 34

Anaphase

Answer 34

separate the opposite poles (pulls)

Question 35

Telophase

Answer 35

envelope reforms

Question 36

Cell division

Answer 36

actin and myosin ring pinches to divide, two cells are then created

Question 37

Cytokinesis

Answer 37

division of cytoplasm

Question 38

Cytokinesis in plants

Answer 38

vesicles in between divide

Question 39

Cytokinesis in animals

Answer 39

actin and myosin pull inward to divide

Question 40

Overall process steps

Answer 40

chromosome, synthesis, replicated chromatids, mitosis and cytokinesis, chromatids separated to 2 cells

Question 41

Bacteria cell division process steps

Answer 41

DNA copied, copies separate, membrane ring is pulled in by protein ring, fission is complete