Lecture 14 - Brain Structure Flashcards
rostral (anterior)
towards the nose
caudal (posterior)
towards the tail (or rear)
dorsal (or superficial)
towards the back
ventral (or inferior)
towards the belly
medial
towards the midline
lateral
toward the side
What does the CNS comprise?
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
- Spinal cord
What does the PNS comprise?
- somatic (voluntary)
- visceral (autonomic)
What is the bone that the brain is encased in?
the skull/cranium
What are the 3 layers of connective tissues?
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia Mater
What are ventricles?
Brain spaces filled with cerebral spinal fluid
What is the dura mater?
- “hard mother”
- leathery membrane encasing brain and spinal cord
- on exterior, anchored to cranium and interior to the pia
What is the pia mater?
- “soft mother”
- film of connective tissue supplied iwth capillaries that nourish the brain
What is the arachnoid layer?
- “spidery”
- network between the dura and pia, richly vasculated
- attached to the dura on one side, pia on other
- acts like absorber
What are the 3 divisions of the central nervous system?
- forebrain
- midbrain
- highbrain
hemisphere
-half sphere
EX: in cerebral cortex there is right and left hemisphere
cortex
-rind, cortical structures that are organized into layers
EX: cerebral cortex (neocortex, archicortex, paleocortex)
cerebellar cortex
lobe
-chunk of cortex separated from next chunk by deep groove
gyrus
ridge
sulcus
groove, valley
fissure
deep sulcus - sometimes interchangeably with sulcus
what are the lobes of the brain?
FPOT frontal parietal occipital temporal
What is the fissure in the back? What does it separate
calcarine sulcus (or fissure) -separates parietal and occipital
what is the middle sulcus? What does is separate?
central sulcus
-separates frontal and parietal
what is the sulcus at the bottom?
lateral sulcus (or fissure) -separates frontal and temporal
What is grey matter?
cell bodies (and dendrites)
What is white matter?
myelinated axons (fibers)
What is nuclei?
roughly circumscribed groups of cell bodies
What are fascicles?
bundle of fibers
What are peduncles?
thick bundles of fibers that connect big parts of the brain to other big parts of the brain
What are the 3 cuts of the brain?
- coronal (THINK headband)
- horizontal
- sagittal
What is phrenology?
Localization of mental faculties based on features of the skull (false idea)
What did Phineas Gage show?
Certain part of the brain controls executive function
Brain is not symmetrical in terms of function T/F?
True
what is the motor homunculus?
map of the body laid out over a specific region of the brain
Who was HM?
- epileptic due to TBI
- resection of hippocampi resulted in partial retrograde and anterograde amnesia
What are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
Cerebellum
motor functions
pituitary gland
- secretes hormones
- regulated by hypothalamus
hypothalamus
many nuclei involved in motivated behaviors and more
thalamus
-many thalamic nuclei relay info about sense to cortex
Basal ganglia
-group of nuclei involved with motor function
What are the 4 parts of the basal ganglia?
- caudate
- putamen
- globus pallidus
- substantia nigra
What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
What kind of cells are spiny cells (excite or inhibit)?
excitatory
EX: pyramidal cell
What kind of cells are smooth cells (excite or inhibit)?
inhibitory
EX basket cell
Sensory input from thalamus enters into ______
layer 4 (for the most part)
What is the Prosencephalon?
forebrain
What are the two parts of the Prosencephalon?
- telencephalon
2. diencephalon
What are 4 modern parts of the prosencephalon?
- cerebral cortex (telencephalon)
- basal ganglia (telencephalon)
- thalamus (diencephalon)
- hypothalamus (diencephalon)
What is the Mesencephalon?
Midbrain
What is a modern part of the mesencephalon/
Tectum
What is the Rhombencephalon?
Hindbrain
What are the 2 parts of the Rhombencephalon?
- metencephalon
2. myelencephalon
What are 3 modern examples of the Rhombencephalon?
- Cerebellum (metencephalon)
- Pons (metencephalon)
- Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
What was the stereotaxic used for?
- used landmarks on skull (bony ridges + hollows) to serve as reference points
- construct atlas of human brain (each region having unique coordinates)
What is Broca’s area?
area of brain that controls speech production
What is Wernicke’s area?
area that correlates with the comprehension of speech/language
