Lecture 14- ANS and Endocrine systems

Question 1

Main parts of the CNS and PNS?

Answer 1

CNS- Brain, Spinal cord

PNS- cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, peripherial nerves

Question 2

Somatic or Voluntary?

Answer 2

skeletal muscle use

Question 3

Autonomic or Involuntary?

Answer 3

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

Question 4

PNS–CNS?

CNS–PNS?

Answer 4

Sensory (AFFERENT) neurons

Motor (EFFERENT) neurons

Question 5

stages of a nerve synapse?

Answer 5

1. nerve impulse arrives
2. voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
3. neurotransmitter released into cleft to diffuse
4. ligand channels open
5. Na+ flows in regenerating impulse

Question 6

The ALARM RESPONSE?

Answer 6

Skin, water retention + BP, Heart, Salivation, Pupils, sugar(blood) Bronchi, digestion, constriction of vessels

Question 7

the RELAXATION RESPONSE?

Answer 7

Heart, Pupils, Salivation, peripheral vessels, Bronchi, Digestion

Question 8

ANS?

Answer 8

Autonomic Nervous system
Sympathetic divisions- Exercise, Emotions, Excitement

Parasympathetic divisions- repletion, rest, relaxation

Question 9

ANS:
Sensory input?
Control of output?
Motor Neuron Pathway?
Neurotransmitter?
Effectors?

Answer 9

1. Mainly interoceptors
2. Involuntary from limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem and spinal cord
3. two-neuron pathway (pre/post ganglionic neuron)
4. ACh - Preganglionic axons, post ganglionic of para, post ganglionic to sympathetic sweat glands

NE- postganglionic fibers for sympathetic other than sweat glands
5. Smooth and Cardiac muscle and glands

Question 10

Somatic:
Sensory input?
Control of output?
Motor Neuron Pathway?
Neurotransmitter?
Effectors?

Answer 10

1. Special senses and somatic senses
2. voluntary from cerebral cortex
3. one-neuron pathway
4. ACh
5. Skeletal muscle

Question 11

Raynaud Disease

Answer 11

excessive stimulation following emotional stress or cold

chronic vasoconstriction leading to ischemia in cells of fingers

Question 12

Chollinergic vs Adrenergic?

Answer 12

refers to neurons and wether that use ACh or NE

Question 13

Importance of Hypothalamus

Answer 13

• controls internal organs via ANS and pituitary gland
• regulates behavioral patterns, circardian rythms (24 hour cycle) and sleep/wake cycles
• controls body temp
• regulates eating and drinking behavior

Question 14

Hormone?

Answer 14

A hormone is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.

Question 15

types of hormones?

Answer 15

a) Circulating hormones- travel in blood to distant taget cells
b) Local hormones - paracrine receptor on nearby target cell. released from paracrine cel
- autocrine receptor on the same ‘autocrine cell’

Question 16

normal control loop of hormone release?

Answer 16

1. Synthesis-storage-release
2. travel in blood (usually)
3. desired response
4. 5- hormone disposal : breakdown and/or excretion
5. feedback signal (usually negative)

Question 17

Mechanism of action of Lipid-Soluable H.?

Answer 17

1. Transported in the blood by transport protein
2. diffuses into cell through membrane
3. activated Receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
4. newly mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes.
   NB: TAKE THE HORMONE AWAY AND THE CELL GOES BACK TO ORIGINAL STATE.

Question 18

Mechanism of Action of Water-Soluble hormones?

Answer 18

1. travel in blood and diffuse out to bind to receptor activating G protein which activates ADENYL CYCLASE
2. activated AC turns ATP—cAMP
3. cAMP activates protein kinase to begin phosphorylating stuff including other enzymes
4. phosphorylated enzymes catalyse reactions that produce physiological response.

Question 19

Cholera Toxin?

Answer 19

binds G protein and locks it in activated state. High cAMP pumps Cl- into intestines. H2O follows and this gives chronic diarrhea.