Lecture 14

Question 1

The neocortex represents the highest level of _________.

Answer 1

cytoarchitecture

Question 2

How many layers is the Neocortex composed of?

Answer 2

6 layers

Question 3

Each layer in the neocortex is separated by ______ and type of ______.

Answer 3

cell type; connections

Question 4

What are the 6 layers of the neocortex?

(M.O.O.I.M.U)

Might not be on test

Answer 4

1. Molecular
2. Outer Granular
3. Outer Pyramidal
4. Inner Granular
5. Multiform
6. Underlying White Matter

*good to know, but no clinical/therapy significance

Question 5

What are the 3 types of neural elements that make connections within the cortex?

Answer 5

Input fibers
Projection neurons
Interneurons

Question 6

Fibers coming in from other regions =

Answer 6

Input fibers

Question 7

______ neurons send out long axons to connect to other regions.

Answer 7

Projection

Question 8

Cells concerned with making local connections with a region=

Answer 8

interneurons

Question 9

Circuits of neurons in the brain work in a ____ way interactive network.

Answer 9

two

Question 10

Information is represented as ____ of ___ over large groups of simple neuron like units.

(2 words)

Answer 10

Patterns of activity

Question 11

Processing in the basic circuits takes the form of what?

2 types of interactions

Answer 11

cooperative and competitive

*based on weight/strength of connections

Question 12

Most treatment articles in the past 20 years on adult-onset language impairments have been based on a _______ __________ model of language processing.

Answer 12

cognitive neuropsychological model

Question 13

What is one of the benefits of a cognitive neuropsychological model?

Answer 13

That it breaks down language behavior into a series of discreet steps that can be tested in the clinic and targeted for treatment

Question 14

The Wernicke/Geschwind (WG) model of language attempts to develop a psychological model of language based on what?

Answer 14

Anatomy

Question 15

What are the 3 parts of the Wernicke/Geshwind Model of Language?

Answer 15

1. pathways associated with auditory comprehension
2. pathways associted with verbal expression
3. pathways for reading

Question 16

Know where Broca’s area, Heschl’s area, Supramarginal Gyrus, Angular Gyrus & Wernkicke’s Area are

Answer 16

look at pictures

Question 17

In the WG model, heard words are processed along __________ to ________ where he first cortical processing of auditory input is processed (ie: tonal discrimination).

Answer 17

auditory pathways

primary auditory cortex

Question 18

Words are recognized and connection to their meanings begins in ________.

Answer 18

Wernicke’s area

then sent via the arcuate fasciculus to Broca’s area

Question 19

In _______, words are converted to a code for the muscular movements of speech.

Answer 19

Broca’s area

Question 20

Output from Broca’s area is sent to the nearby _____________ regions that control the muscles involved in the production of speech.

Answer 20

primary motor cortex

Question 21

visual information from written words is sent from visual areas in the _______ lobe to the angular gyrus.

Answer 21

Occipital

Question 22

In the angular gyrus, recognition of the visual signal as a written word is paired with?

Answer 22

it’s associated meaning

Question 23

In what region are the major neurologic components of language located?

Answer 23

The left perisylvian region

Question 24

What are the major components of the perisylvian language zone?

Answer 24

Broca's area 
Arcuate fasciculus 
Angular gyrus 
Wernicke's area
Supramarginal gyrus 
Corpus callosum

Question 25

Broca’s area is involved in __________.

Answer 25

Motor planning

ie: sequencing motor patterns for the production of phonemes and their combinations

Question 26

There is some evidence that Broca’s area may have different functions:
anterior and ventral portions=?
posterior =?

Answer 26

semantic processing

syntactic and phonological processing

Question 27

What two roles does wernicke’s area have?

Answer 27

1. plays a role in oral language comprehension

2. plays a role in formulation of linguistic concepts

Question 28

The Angular Gyrus

Answer 28

• involved in reading
• lesiosn cause alecia
• located in parietal lobe-association cortex

Question 29

Lesions in the left supramarginal gyrus are associated with?

Answer 29

agraphias (writing disorders)

Question 30

The five functions of the Right hemisphere

Answer 30

1. visuospatial processing and visual perception
2. integration of different types of incoming stimuli
3. comprehending and producing emotion in the face and voice
4. attending to the left side of space
5. attention in general (selecting what to attend to and maintain or shift attention)

Question 31

The right hemisphere plays two roles in language, they are discource ______ and _______.

Answer 31

production and comprehension

Question 32

Individuals with damange to the right side will:

Answer 32

do fine on aphasia tests, are terrible at turn taking, have poor eye contact, and have issues with processing emotion or distant semantics.

Question 33

expressive aprosodia

Answer 33

exhibit little modulation of voal intonation

Question 34

receptive aprosidia

Answer 34

have difficulty interpreting emotions or intentions from other people’s voices

Question 35

people with damage to the right hemisphere exhibit communication that is ….

Answer 35

inappropriate for the situation and or communication partner.