Lecture 14 Flashcards
As a plant grows into a tree where does the majority of the biomass come from?
Air
As a baby grows into an adult where does the majority their dry biomass directly come from?
Diet
Chemotrophs
Use chemicals as energy source
Chemoorganotrophs
Organic chemicals
Chemolithotrophs
Inorganic chemicals
Phototrophs
Use light as energy source
What microorganisms are remnants of a primordial metabolism
Archaea
Anoxic
without oxygen
How was the metabolism of primitive cells
-anaerobic
-obtained carbon from CO2 and energy from H2
-chemolithotrophic
Cyanobacteria
Photosystem that use water instead of sulfur to make oxygen
Great Oxidation Event
Causes oxygen levels to rise and many organisms evolved their ability to live on the presence of oxygen
Why can oxygen be toxic?
During aerobic respiration oxygen can be reduced by electrons and form superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide which are toxic
True or false: Superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide go through the electron transport chain
False
Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are carried directly by oxygen instead of going through the electron transport chain
How can microbe detoxify toxic oxygen species?
- Superoxide dimutase (SOD): removes superoxide radicals
- Catalase and Peroxidase: removes hydrogen peroxide
True or false: Eukaryotes can make catalase
True
Why did organisms evolve and keep their ability to use O2
Oxygen is the best electron receptor
The krebs cycle
Completes oxidation and degradation of glucose and other molecules to CO2
-amphibolic
-aerobic respiration
What are the products of the krebs cycle?
-1 FADH2
-1 GTP
-2 molecules of CO2
-3 NADH
True or false: Eukaryotes make 36 ATPs per glucose
False
-38 ATPs
How many complexes are in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
4 complexes
What connects the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
Coenzyme Q & Cytochrome c
Where is the electron transport chain located in bacteria?
Plasma membrane
Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes?
Mitochondrion
True or false: the prokaryotic ETC is not diverse
False
it is diverse
What can the protons from the ETC be used to do?
- Produce ATP
- Spin flagella (movement)
-Assist in nutrient transport - Proton motor force
As protons move which subunits rotate?
Gamma(Y) and epsilon (E)
True or false : The enzyme used to produce ATP is not reversible
False
-it is reversible
Aerobic respiration
Only uses oxygen as the final receptor
Anaerobic respiration
The final electron acceptor is NOT oxygen it can be nitrate, sulfate, or carbonate
True or false: Anaerobic respiration yield more energy than aerobic respiration
False
-Anaerobic yields less than aerobic respiration
True or false: 99% of our intestinal microbiota are strictly aerobic
False
-anaerobic
Is our intestine strictly anaerobic?
The intestinal lumen is anaerobic but the capillaries in intestinal villi have oxygen
How do facultative anaerobes help the lumen?
Facultative anaerobes grow by utilizing oxygen and keep oxygen levels low in lumen
