Lecture 14

Question 1

As a plant grows into a tree where does the majority of the biomass come from?

Answer 1

Air

Question 2

As a baby grows into an adult where does the majority their dry biomass directly come from?

Answer 2

Diet

Question 3

Chemotrophs

Answer 3

Use chemicals as energy source

Question 4

Chemoorganotrophs

Answer 4

Organic chemicals

Question 5

Chemolithotrophs

Answer 5

Inorganic chemicals

Question 6

Phototrophs

Answer 6

Use light as energy source

Question 7

What microorganisms are remnants of a primordial metabolism

Answer 7

Archaea

Question 8

Anoxic

Answer 8

without oxygen

Question 9

How was the metabolism of primitive cells

Answer 9

-anaerobic
-obtained carbon from CO2 and energy from H2
-chemolithotrophic

Question 10

Cyanobacteria

Answer 10

Photosystem that use water instead of sulfur to make oxygen

Question 11

Great Oxidation Event

Answer 11

Causes oxygen levels to rise and many organisms evolved their ability to live on the presence of oxygen

Question 12

Why can oxygen be toxic?

Answer 12

During aerobic respiration oxygen can be reduced by electrons and form superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide which are toxic

Question 13

True or false: Superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide go through the electron transport chain

Answer 13

False
Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are carried directly by oxygen instead of going through the electron transport chain

Question 14

How can microbe detoxify toxic oxygen species?

Answer 14

1. Superoxide dimutase (SOD): removes superoxide radicals
2. Catalase and Peroxidase: removes hydrogen peroxide

Question 15

True or false: Eukaryotes can make catalase

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Why did organisms evolve and keep their ability to use O2

Answer 16

Oxygen is the best electron receptor

Question 17

The krebs cycle

Answer 17

Completes oxidation and degradation of glucose and other molecules to CO2
-amphibolic
-aerobic respiration

Question 18

What are the products of the krebs cycle?

Answer 18

-1 FADH2
-1 GTP
-2 molecules of CO2
-3 NADH

Question 19

True or false: Eukaryotes make 36 ATPs per glucose

Answer 19

False
-38 ATPs

Question 20

How many complexes are in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

Answer 20

4 complexes

Question 21

What connects the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

Answer 21

Coenzyme Q & Cytochrome c

Question 22

Where is the electron transport chain located in bacteria?

Answer 22

Plasma membrane

Question 23

Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes?

Answer 23

Mitochondrion

Question 24

True or false: the prokaryotic ETC is not diverse

Answer 24

False
it is diverse

Question 25

What can the protons from the ETC be used to do?

Answer 25

1. Produce ATP
2. Spin flagella (movement)
   -Assist in nutrient transport
3. Proton motor force

Question 26

As protons move which subunits rotate?

Answer 26

Gamma(Y) and epsilon (E)

Question 27

True or false : The enzyme used to produce ATP is not reversible

Answer 27

False
-it is reversible

Question 28

Aerobic respiration

Answer 28

Only uses oxygen as the final receptor

Question 29

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 29

The final electron acceptor is NOT oxygen it can be nitrate, sulfate, or carbonate

Question 30

True or false: Anaerobic respiration yield more energy than aerobic respiration

Answer 30

False
-Anaerobic yields less than aerobic respiration

Question 31

True or false: 99% of our intestinal microbiota are strictly aerobic

Answer 31

False
-anaerobic

Question 32

Is our intestine strictly anaerobic?

Answer 32

The intestinal lumen is anaerobic but the capillaries in intestinal villi have oxygen

Question 33

How do facultative anaerobes help the lumen?

Answer 33

Facultative anaerobes grow by utilizing oxygen and keep oxygen levels low in lumen