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BIO108-Gen Physio (Iv and Josh Collab) > Lecture 13- Respiratory > Flashcards

Lecture 13- Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

is the process of obtaining oxygen from the external environment and eliminating carbon dioxide

A

respiration

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2
Q

oxidative processes
within cells

A

cellular respiration

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3
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the organism and its environment

A

External respiration

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4
Q

Gases ___ ___pressure gradients in the lungs and other organs

A

diffuse down

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5
Q

Gases diffuse down as a result of differences in___ ____

A

Partial pressure

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6
Q

is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

A

Partial pressure

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7
Q

Components of gas-transfer system

A
  1. Breathing movements
  2. DIffusion of O and CO2 across the respiratory equilibrium
  3. Bulk transfer of gases by the blood
  4. Diffusion of O and CO2 across capillary walls
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8
Q

Conditions of gas-exchange regions for diffusion to be effective

A
  • Moist
  • Thin
  • Relatively large
  • In contact with teh environment
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9
Q

Enhances the effectiveness of diffusion

A

Vascularization

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10
Q

source of O2 or respiratory medium for animal

A

Air or water

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11
Q

Types of breathing

A
  1. Unidirectional
  2. Bidirectional or tidal
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12
Q
  • in most fish gills
  • continuous ventilation
  • water enters the buccal cavity through the mouth, passes across the gill curtain and exits flowing in one direction
A

Unidirectional

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13
Q

– in lung ventilation
- with air entering and exiting through the same channel
- ventilation is not continuous

A

Bidirectional or tidal

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14
Q

Patterns of gas exchange

A
  • Crosscurrent flow
  • Uniform pool
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15
Q
  • airflow and blood flow cross each other obliquely
  • avian lungs
A

crosscurrent flow

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16
Q

lung ventilation keep the partial pressure of gases within the alveolar spaces uniform through frequent breathing, mixing gases, and absence of significant
barriers to diffusion

A

Uniform pool

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17
Q

in crosscurrent flow, airflow and bloodflow cross each other _____

A

obliquely

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18
Q

in uniform pool, where do lung ventilation keeps the partial pressure of gases?

A

Alveolar spaces

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19
Q

What are some respiratory organs

A
  • Gills or branchia
  • Lungs
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20
Q

A series of bones in bony fish and chimaeras
- protects the gills, provides facial support, and is used for respiration and feeding

A

Operculum

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21
Q

exchange of substance between two fluids in opposite directions

A

Countercurrent flow/exchange

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22
Q

system of branching ducts conveys air
to the lungs

A

Respiratory system

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23
Q

hair-like projections
- line the primary bronchus to remove microbes and debris form interior of the lungs

A

Cilia

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24
Q

alternating inhalation and exhalation or air; ventilates the lungs

A

Breathing

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25
Q

A frog ventilates its lungs by ___ ___ ___

A

Positive pressure breathing

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26
Q

what does positive pressure breathing do?

A

forces air down the trachea

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27
Q

How do mammals ventilate their lungs

A

Negative pressure breathing

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28
Q

How does air get to alveoli

A

Trachea –>Primary bronchi (left, right) –> Secondary bronchi (each
lobe) –> Tertiary bronchi –> bronchioles –>Alveoli

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29
Q

envelope the lungs

A

Pleural cavities

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30
Q

carries O2 blood from
each lung to heart

A

2 pulmonary veins

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31
Q

carries dO2 blood to
each lung

A

1 pulmonary artery

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32
Q

The primary muscle of respirations

A

Diaphragm

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33
Q

Function of Diaphragm for Constraction during inspiration

A
  • Increases volume of thoracic cavity
  • Decreases pressure of thoracic cavity
  • Air moves into lungs (high -> low
    presssure)
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34
Q

Diaphragm function during forced contraction (voluntary)

A

Used for defecation, urination and labor

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35
Q

How does Diaphragm works for defecation, urination and labor

A
  • Increases pressure in abdominal cavity
  • Pushes on abdominal organs to move contents out
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36
Q

Lift ribs to expand chest cavity for inspiration

A

Intercostal muscles

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37
Q

no blind ended alveoli in and out of which air moves

A

Avian lungs

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38
Q

voluminous, thin walled diverticula of the lungs which penetrate the centra (pneumatic foramina) except in ratites

A

Air sacs

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39
Q

___ of the lungs extensively distributed throughout of the body

A

Diverticula

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40
Q

Where do gas transfer in birds takes place?

A

Small air capillaries

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41
Q

have the most efficient
vertebrate lungs

A

Birds

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42
Q

In bird respiratory system; ____ ____ allow oxygen-rich air to pass ____ ____ on both inhalation and
exhalation

A

Air sacs
Respiratory surfaces

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43
Q

Control of breathing can be:

A
  • Chemical
  • Nervous
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44
Q

Chemical control of breathing is dependent to

A
  • Blood CO2 levels
  • pH
  • Chemoreceptors
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45
Q

Control of breathing; Chemoreceptors

A

Central : Monitors CSF
Peripheral: Caraotid and aoritic bodies

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46
Q

Nervous control of breathing can be..

A
  • Voluntary
  • Involuntary
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47
Q

Voluntary control of breathing

A

◦ Cerebral cortex
◦ Protective in nature
◦ Limited control

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48
Q

Involuntary control of breathing

A
  • Medullary rhytmicity area
  • Pons
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49
Q

Maintains basic rhythm of respiration

A

Medullary rhythmicity area

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50
Q

Coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration

A

Pons

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51
Q

Control of Breathing in Humans; when the control center registers a slight drop in pH, it ….

A
  • Increases the depth and rate of breathing
  • Excess CO2 is eliminated in exhaled air
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52
Q

Facilitates inspiration and helps control depth of inspiration

A

Apneustic center

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53
Q

Helps control rate of respiration

A

Pneumataxic center

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54
Q
  • This group maintains the basic rhythm of respiration.
  • The pons coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration.
A

Brainstem group (involuntary)

55
Q

Cerebral cortex group

A

Voluntary

56
Q

Influence the timing of inspiratory cut-off by providing a tonic input to the respiratory pattern generators located in the inspiratory center

A

Pneumotaxic center

57
Q

Pneumotaxic center influences the respiratory response to what stimuli?

A

Hypercapnia
Hypoxia
Lung infection

58
Q
  • found in the lower pons
  • source of impulses that terminate inspiration “inspiratory cut-off switch”
A

Apneustic center

59
Q

inactivation of Apneustic center results in

A

apneustic breathing

60
Q

rhythmic respiration
with a marked increase
in inspiratory time and
a short expiration
phase

A

Apneustic breathing

61
Q

Two groups of medullary center

A
  • Inspiratory dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
  • Experiatory ventral respiratory group (VRG)
62
Q
  • is the site of projection of proprioceptive afferents from the respiratory muscles and chest wall.
  • site of origin of the normal rhythmic respiratory drive consisting of repetitive bursts of inspiratory action potentials.
A

DRG (inspiratory dorsal respiratory group)

63
Q

innervates respiratory effector muscles through the phrenic,
intercostal, and
abdominal respiratory
motoneurons

A

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

64
Q

– most important factor

A

H+ concentration

65
Q

aids the H+ concentration by forming carbonic acid

A

Carbon dioxide

66
Q

are complexes of proteins and metallic ions

A

Respiratory pigments

67
Q

oxygen diffuses across the respiratory epithelium into the blood - combines with a

A

Respiratory pigment

68
Q

most vertebrates and some invertebrates use

A

Hemoglobin

69
Q

What is the Bunsen solubility coefficient for oxygen in blood at 37°C

A
  • 2.4 ml of oxygen per 100 ml of blood per atmosphere of oxygen pressure
70
Q

What is the concentration of oxygen in a physical solution (not bound to a respiratory pigment) in human blood at normal arterial Po2?

A

0.3 ml of oxygen per 100 ml blood, or 0.3 vol % oxygen

71
Q

What is the total oxygen content of human arterial blood at a normal arterial Po2

A

20 vol %

72
Q

How does the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin affect oxygen content in blood

A

causes a 70-fold increase in oxygen content

73
Q

color of a respiratory pigment changes with its

A

Oxygen content

74
Q

Color of hemoglobin when loaded with O2

A

Bright red

75
Q

what color is hemoglobin when it becomes deoxygenated?

A

Dark maroon-red

76
Q
  • tetrameric protein
  • four folded polypeptide chains of amino acids
A

Globin

77
Q
  • four iron containing porphyrin prosthetic groups
  • transports oxygen
A

heme

78
Q

Molar weight of Hemoglobin

A

68,000

79
Q

Hemoglobin is composed of?

A

Heme and protein globin

80
Q

two dimers, α1β1, and α2β2, each of which is a tightly cohering unit

A

Globin molecule

81
Q

more loosely connected to each other by salt bridges, except that the two β chains do not touch

A

Two dimers

82
Q

alters these bridges; conformational changes in the hemoglobin molecule

A

Oxygenation

83
Q

ferrous state (Fe2+) bound by porphyrin ring of the heme, forming coordinate links with four pyrrole nitrogens

A

Iron

84
Q

Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+; does not bind oxygen; nonfunctional

A

Methemoglobin

85
Q

reduces methemoglobin to the functional ferrous form

A

RBC with methemoglobin reductase

86
Q

red color of blood and its oxygen-combining ability

A

Heme group

87
Q

one hemoglobin molecule binds four oxygen molecules

A

Oxyhemoglobin

88
Q

form of hemoglobin with absence of O2

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

89
Q

act either to oxidize hemoglobin or to inactivate methemoglobin reductase, thereby increasing the level of methemoglobin and impairing oxygen transport.

A

Certain compounds (eg. Nitrated and Chlorates)

90
Q
  • formed from the incomplete combustion of carbon dioxide
  • interferes with the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin
  • has an affinity a higher (200X) affinity to hemoglobin than does oxygen
A

Carbon monoxide (CO)

91
Q

hemoglobin saturated
with CO

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

92
Q

Other blood pigments

A

Hemerythin
Chlorocruorin
Hemocyanin

93
Q

Blood pigments in Priapulida, Brachiopoda, Annelida (violet, Fe2+)

A

Hemerythrin

94
Q

Blood pigemnts for Annelida; (green,
Fe2+)

A

Chlorocruonin

95
Q

Blood pigment for (Mollusca, Arthropoda; blue; deoxygenated: colorless; not packaged in cells)

A

Hemocyanin

96
Q

How many oxygen can hemoglobin carry

A
  • Four oxygen molecules
97
Q

relationship between percent saturation and the partial pressure of oxygen

A

Oxygen dissociation curves

98
Q

oxygen dissociation curves of other vertebrate

A

Sigmoid

99
Q

What does P50 represent in terms of hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity?

A

partial pressure of O2 at which the pigment is 50% saturated with O2

100
Q

The lower the ___ the higher the oxygen affinity

A

P50

101
Q

Condition that Oxygen affinity is reduced

A
  • elevated temperature
  • Binding of organic phosphate ligands (DPG, ATP, or GTP by hemoglobin)
  • Decrease in pH (increase in H+ concentration)
  • Increase in carbon dioxide
102
Q

a change in the oxygen dissociation curve caused by carbon dioxide levels

A

Bohr effect

103
Q

predominant form of CO2

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3^-)

104
Q

Total CO2 content varies with

A

PCO2

105
Q

A decrease in pH at a constant PCO2 is associated with the fall in _____

A

bicarbonate

106
Q

Most of the bicarbonate in the blood is in the
___

A

plasma

107
Q

most O2 combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells to form

A

Oxyhemoglobin

108
Q

some CO2 combines with hemoglobin to form

A

carbaminohemoglobin

109
Q

CO binds to Hb as

A

carboxyhemoglobin

110
Q

normal, quiet breathing typical of an animal at rest

A

Eupnea

111
Q

increase or decrease in the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs by changes in the rate and depth of breathing

A

Hyperventilation or Hypoventilation

112
Q

increased lung ventilation due to increased breathing in response to elevated carbon dioxide production

A

Hypernea

113
Q

Absence of breathing

A

Apnea

114
Q

labored breathing associated with an unpleasant sensation of breathlessness

A

Dyspnea

115
Q

increase in breathing rate w/o an increase in the depth of breathing

A

Polypnea

116
Q

Average rate of breathing of an adult

A

14-20 cycles/minute

117
Q

Rise in temperature will decrease the _____-

A

Oxygen affinity -> making oxygen transfer between oxygen and blood difficult

118
Q

contains γ chains, rather than adult β chains, has a higher oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobin

A

Human fetal hemoglobin

119
Q

influenced by properties of the medium and requirements of the
animal

A

Structure of gas-transfer system

120
Q

minimize diffusion distances in water, creating a thin layer of water over the respiratory surface

A

Design of fish gills

121
Q

properties of the alveolar wall and the surface tension at the liquid-air interface

A

Lung wall tension

122
Q

force that tends to minimize the area of a liquid surface

A

Surface tension

123
Q
  • low surface tension of the liquid lining the lungs
  • lipoprotein complexes that bestow a very low surface tension on the liquid-air interface
A

Surfactants

124
Q

predominant lipid in these lipoprotein complexes

A

Dipalmitoyl lecithin

125
Q

newborns produce no lung surfactants = cannot inflate their lungs at birth without assistance (premature babies)

A

Newborn respiratory distress syndrome

126
Q
  • the volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath
A

Tidal volume

127
Q

Average tidal volume in resting humans

A

500 mL

128
Q
  • maximum volume of air that can enter the lung;
  • about 3.4 L and 4.8 L for college-age females and males, respectively
A

Vital capacity

129
Q

amount of air that persists in the lungs after maximal expiratory effort

A

Residual volume

130
Q

sum of residual volume and vital capacity

A

Total lung capacity

131
Q

tidal volume minus residual volume (anatomic dead-space volume)

A

Alveolar ventilation volume

132
Q

Respiratory system of Insects and other terrestrial arthropods

A
  • consists of branched tracheae
  • Oxygen enters tracheae at spiracles
  • Tracheae branch until end in tracheoles that are in direct contact with body cells
133
Q

movement of the ribs, diaphragmaticus muscles and liver

A

Crocodilians

134
Q

movement of the pelvic girdle

A

in Turtles

BIO108-Gen Physio (Iv and Josh Collab) (6 decks)

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