Lecture 13: Pediatric Clinical Speech Syndromes

Question 1

name of a neurologic condition caused by injury to the immature brain, which is: non-progressive; associated with mental retardation, hearing, visual impairments, and other perceptual problems; includes spasticity, dyskinesia, and ataxia

Answer 1

cerebral palsy (CP)

Question 2

three major categories of clinical ___ disorders include: spasticity, dyskinesia, and ataxia

Answer 2

motor

Question 3

lesions in the descending ___ (as in spinal cord injury) may lead to spasticity

Answer 3

spinal tracts

Question 4

lesions in the midbrain or pons, which are often ___, may lead to spasticity

Answer 4

fatal

Question 5

lesions in the internal capsule, as in stroke, may lead to ___

Answer 5

spasticity

Question 6

lesions in the periventricular white matter, as seen in ___, may lead to spasticity

Answer 6

prematurity

Question 7

lesions in the motor or premotor cortex, as may occur with stroke or ___, may lead to spasticity

Answer 7

hypoxia

Question 8

according to Sanger (2003), spasticity is a velocity-dependent resistance of a muscle to ___

Answer 8

stretch

Question 9

according to Sanger (2003), spasticity is defined as ___ in which one or both of the following signs are present:

1. resistance to externally imposed movement increases with increasing speed of stretch and varies with the direction of joint movement and / or
2. resistance to externally imposed movement rises rapidly above a threshold speed or joint angle

Answer 9

hypertonia

Question 10

name of the type of cerebral palsy characterized by hypertonic reflexes and UMN damage

Answer 10

spastic cerebral palsy

Question 11

name of the type of spastic cerebral palsy characterized by upper and lower extremity weakness on one side

Answer 11

spastic hemiplegia

*note: no significant motor speech disorder expected (UMN damage is not bilateral)

Question 12

name of the type of spastic cerebral palsy characterized by involvement of both lower extremities

Answer 12

spastic paraplegia

*note: no significant motor speech disorder expected (damage is not near motor regions for the muscles of the head and neck)

Question 13

name of the type of spastic cerebral palsy characterized by involvement of all extremities but lower extremities affected more

Answer 13

spastic diplegia

*note: some motor speech disorder expected (motor representation for upper extremities is closer to the region responsible for speech musculature)

Question 14

name of the type of spastic cerebral palsy characterized by involvement of both upper and lower extremities

Answer 14

spastic quadriplegia

*note: both corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts involved; affected speech expected and cognitive and language impairments expected

Question 15

name of the type of cerebral palsy characterized by slow and writhing athetoid movements; common and usually due to basal ganglia damage

Answer 15

athetoid (dyskinesia) cerebral palsy

Question 16

name of the type of cerebral palsy characterized by cerebellar damage resulting in dyssnergia; uncommon

Answer 16

ataxic cerebral palsy

*note: dyssynergia is the discoordination of agonist sand antagonist muscles

Question 17

childhood suprabulbar paresis is characterized by isolated paresis / weakness of the oral musculature marked by misarticulations and ___

Answer 17

hypernasality

Question 18

name of the diagnosis characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration (of the skeletal muscles that control movement) and flaccid dysarthria; it is genetic (X-linked) or caused by absence of dystrophin in muscles

Answer 18

duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

Question 19

which two major nerves are involved in childhood supra bulbar paresis?

Answer 19

CN X and CN XII