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Ecotoxicology > Lecture 13 - DA > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - DA Flashcards

1
Q

What were the earliest photosynthetic organisms?

A

Cyanobacteria.

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2
Q

Are cyanobacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic.

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3
Q

What two pigments do cyanobacteria use?

A

Chlorophyll a, and phycobillins.

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4
Q

What storage molecules do cyanobacteria use?

A

Gylcogen.

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5
Q

What cell wall do cyanobacteria have?

A

Peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides.

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6
Q

What kind of vacuole do cyanobacteria have, what what does this lend them?

A

Gas vacuole, allowing them to maintain buoyancy.

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7
Q

Are cyanobacteria able to fix nitrogen?

A

Yes.

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8
Q

How do cyanobacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission.

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9
Q

What kind of water pH do cyanobacteria like and dislike?

A

Alkali or neutral. Dislike acidic.

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10
Q

Do cyanobacteria thrive with turbulence?

A

No, it can kill them.

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11
Q

What two nutrients do cyanobacteria need to bloom?

A

Phosphates and nitrates.

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12
Q

Do cyanobacterial blooms occur when P and N levels are minimal?

A

Yes, to luxury consumption and storage when nutrients are plentiful.

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13
Q

What 6 factors affect cyanobacteria buoyancy?

A 
Gas vacuole synthesis
Cell turgor pressure
Carbohydrate load
P limitation
Turbulence
Light intensity
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14
Q

What does toxin production depend on? The deficiency of which two elements will cause toxicity?

A

Depends on environmental conditions.

Low C and N cause toxicity.

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15
Q

Does toxin production equal bloom biomass? Do all blooms cause toxicity?

A

Toxin production doesn’t equal bloom biomass

Not all blooms cause toxicity

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16
Q

Do toxin producing strains of cyanobacteria always produce toxins?

A

No.

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17
Q

What are the two main types of toxins produced by cyanobacteria?

A

Neurotoxins

Hepatotoxins

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18
Q

Are neurotoxins easily degraded?

A

Yes

19
Q

What does saxitoxin do?

A

Blocks sodium channels.

20
Q

Are hepatotoxins easily degraded? Are they water soluble or lipid soluble?

A

No, they are stable. Are water soluble.

21
Q

What effect do cyanobacterial toxins have on the liver?

A

Intrahepatic haemorrhage, hepatomegaly, and necrosis

22
Q

Name 4 ways cyanobacteria can be controlled.

A

Reduction in eutrophication
Reducing runoff with P and N
Mechanical disturbance
Increasing turbulence to bursts gas vacuoles and sink cells

23
Q

Give an example for chemical control and biological control of cyanobacteria.

A

Chemical - mainly copper sulphate

Biological control - flagellates, amoeba, daphnids

24
Q

What are toxic dinoflagellate blooms called?

A

Red tides

25
Q

What storage molecules do dinoflagellates use?

A

Starch.

26
Q

What pigments do dinoflagellates use (3)?

A

Chlorophyll a and c, carotenoids.

27
Q

What reinforces dinoflagellates?

A

Plates of cellulose.

28
Q

How many flagella do dinoflagellates have?

A

2 in perpendicular grooves.

29
Q

Are dinoflagellates unicellular or colonial?

A

Mostly unicellular, but some colonial.

30
Q

What are dinoflagellates called in their benthic resting stage? Name both.

A

Hypnocysts

Pellicle cysts

31
Q

What are the walls like in hypnocysts? What about pellicle cysts?

A

Hypnocyst - thick walled

Pellicle - thin walled

32
Q

What is the reproduction like in hypnocysts? What about pellicle cysts?

A

Hypnocyst - sexual

Pellicle - asexual

33
Q

What is the longevity like in hypnocysts? What about pellicle cysts?

A

Hypnocyst - long lived

Pellicle - short lived

34
Q

Are cyanobacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

35
Q

What kind of relationship do dinoflagellates have with coral reefs?

A

Symbiotic.

36
Q

What is needed to germinate hypnocysts, and what can this lead to?

A

High temperatures needed, leading to a red tide.

37
Q

What can surface upwelling result in with dinoflagellates?

A

May lead to red tides.

38
Q

Aside from temperature and nutrition, what 3 factors can lead to a red tide?

A

Decreased salinity.
Increased vitamin b12
Increased humic substance

39
Q

What are the respiratory symptoms of dinoflagellate toxins (4)?

A

Tract burning, sneezing, coughing, and allergy-like symptoms

40
Q

What are 2 chronic symptoms of dinoflagellate toxicity?

A

Affects many organelles, including in mitochondria

Can cause cardiovascular arrest by interfering with sodium channels

41
Q

What is the main toxin of dinoflagellates?

A

Saxitoxin.

42
Q

Name 3 ways dinoflagellates can be detected.

A

Immunoassay ELISA
HPLC
Mouse bioassay

43
Q

Name 2 ways cyanobacteria can be detected.

A

Mouse bioassay

Immunoassay ELISA

Ecotoxicology (22 decks)

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