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Neuroscience/ Nueroanatomy > Lecture 13: Cerebellum and Brainstem Deep Structures > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Cerebellum and Brainstem Deep Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Acts as a “comparator” that compensates for error in movement by comparing intention with performance.
  2. Involved with the coordination of somatic motor activity, the regulation of muscle tone, and mechanisms that influence and maintain equilibrium.
  3. Contributes to non motor functions such as cognition, emotion, and affective processing.
  4. Plays a role in sequencing incoming sensory patterns and detecting temporal changes in the sequence of sensory events.
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2
Q

What does the vermis and paravermian part of the cerebellum control?

A

Axial Musculature (neck and trunk muscles)

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3
Q

What do the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum control?

A

Limbs (arms and legs)

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4
Q

What does the flocculonodular lobe of the brain do?

A

It is heavily involved in maintaining balance.

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5
Q

What are the pathways for the superior cerebellar peduncle ?

A

AFFERENT: Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract, Acoustic and Optic Information
EFFERENT: Dentarubrothalamic Tract, Dentatothalamic Tract

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6
Q

What are the pathways for the middle cerebral peduncle?

A

AFFERENT: Pontocerebral Tract
EFFERENT: none

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7
Q

What are the pathways for the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

AFFERENT: Vestibulocerebral Tract, Olivocerebellar Tract, Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
EFFERENT: Cerebellovestibular Tract, Cerebelloolivary Tract

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8
Q

What type of cells are in the outer molecular layer of the cerebellar gray matter?

A

Basket and Stellate Cells

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9
Q

What type of cells are in the middle layer of the cerebellar gray matter?

A

Purkinje Cells

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10
Q

What type of cells are in the granule layer of the cerebellar gray matter?

A

Golgi and Granule Cells

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11
Q

What are the only output neurons of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje Cells

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12
Q

Where does the only direct input to the Purkinje Cells from outside the cerebellum come from?

A

climbing fibers that have their origin in the olivary nuclei

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13
Q

What cells have an inhibitory effect on Purkinje Cells?

A

Stellate and Basket Cells

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14
Q

What are the three functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Vestibulocerebellum
  2. Spinocerebellum
  3. Cerebrocerebellum
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15
Q

What are the components of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Vestibular nuclei, flocculonodular lobe, inferior portion of the paravermis, fastigial nuclei

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16
Q

What are the components of the spinocerebellum?

A

Anterior lobe, vermis, superior paravermis

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17
Q

What are the components of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

lateral portions of the posterior lobes

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18
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Coordinate eye, head, neck movements and maintains balance.

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19
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

Coordinate trunk and proximal limb movements.

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20
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A
  1. coordinate fine motor planning of limbs
  2. anticipate sensory consequences of the movements
  3. cognitive memory of motor movements

**Note that the RIGHT cerebellar hemisphere controls the RIGHT body, arm, and leg.

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21
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of cerebellar disease?

A
  1. Unstable gait and stance with a tendency to fall. Bored based gait (“sailor’s gait”, reeling and drunken)
  2. Movements are generally jerky and gunsmith and are accompanied by an intentional tremor.
  3. Ataxia (dis-coordination): trunk and/or extremities.
  4. Dysmetria of movement: goal-directed movement can over or undershoot the target.
  5. Eye Movement Disorders: nystagmus saccadic and smooth pursuit dysmetria
  6. Speech Disorders: ataxic dysarthria with scanning speech, difficulty to maintain speech rhythm, intention, and correct articulation.
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22
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

MIDBRAIN
Fuctions in the control of reflex movements that orient the eyes, head and neck in response to visual, auditory, and somatic stimuli

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23
Q

Periaquaductal Gray Matter

A

MIDBRAIN

Functions in the processing of autonomic and limbic activities, as well as modulation of nociception.

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24
Q

Aqueduct

A

MIDBRAIN

Passageway connecting the third and fourth ventricles.

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25
Q

Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal

A

MIDBRAIN
Parasympathetic innervation of the eye to constrict the iris and to the ciliary muscle to alter lens shape for accommodation.

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26
Q

CNIII nuclei and nerve

A

MIDBRAIN

Motor control of eye muscles

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27
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

MIDBRAIN

Fiber pathways to the thalamus for pain/temp form the periphery.

28
Q

Medial Lemniscus

A

MIDBRAIN

Sensory pathway for proprioception connecting the nucleus gracilis and cognates with the thalamus

29
Q

Medial Geniculate

A

MIDBRAIN

thalamic relay nuclei for auditory information.

30
Q

Lateral Geniculate

A

MIDBRAIN

thalamic relay nuclei for visual information.

31
Q

Cerebral Peduncle

A

MIDBRAIN

Fiber bundles of the corticospinal tract connecting the cerebral cortex to the brainstem.

32
Q

Optic Tract

A

MIDBRAIN

Optic fibers from optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate.

33
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

MIDBRAIN
one of several nuclei involved in smooth muscle control
**Degenerates in Parkinson’s Disease.

34
Q

Red Nucleus

A

MIDBRAIN

Relay between the cerebellum to the thalamus.

35
Q

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

A

MIDBRAIN

Fiber pathway between the vestibular nuclei and the CN nuclei III, IV, VI to coordinate head/eye movements.

36
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

PONS

Fiber pathway to and from the cerebellum.

37
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

PONS

Fiber pathway to and from the cerebellum.

38
Q

Mesencephalic, Main Sensory Nucleus, Motor Nucleus of CNV

A

PONS

three nuclear components of the trigeminal nerve nuclei

39
Q

CNV

A

PONS

Motor and sensory fibers of CNV

40
Q

Pontine Nuclei

A

PONS
collection of neurons in the pons that receives input from the neocortex and sends crossing fibers through the middle and cerebrellar peduncle.

41
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

PONS

a nonadrenergic brainstem nucleus involved in mood and the sleep/wake cycle.

42
Q

Raphe nucleus pontis

A

PONS

one of several serotonin nuclei involved in mood and the sleep/wake cycle

43
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

PONS

motor fibers from the neocortex to spinal interneurons and lower motor neurons.

44
Q

Inferior and Medial Vestibular Nuclei

A

UPPER MEDULLA

Nuclei of the vestibular system that regulates balance

45
Q

Nucleus and Tractus Solitarius

A

UPPER MEDULLA

Sensory nucleus from taste (CNVII), glands, and chemo/baroreceptors (CNIX and CNX)

46
Q

Dorsal Motor Nucleus Vagus (CNX)

A

UPPER MEDULLA

Parasympathetic motor nucleus to the lungs and gut.

47
Q

Spinal Nucleus and Tract of CNV

A

UPPER MEDULLA

nuclear and tract components of CNV that extends down into the upper cervical spinal cord

48
Q

Inferior Olivary Nucleus

A

UPPER MEDULLA

origin of the climbing fibers to the cerebellar parking cells

49
Q

Pyramid

A

UPPER MEDULLA

name given to the corticospinal tract fibers in the medulla

50
Q

Reticular Formation

A

UPPER MEDULLA
a network of neurons and axons that reside in the brain stem tegmenjtum involved in arousal, respiration and heart control

51
Q

Nucleus of CNIX (in the lower medulla)

A

LOWER MEDULLA

Glossopharyngeal nucleus with motor control over tongue and pharyngeal muscles with taste

52
Q

Weber’s Syndrome

A

REGION: midbrain (base)

ARTERIAL SUPPLY: tip of basilar artery and/or branches of the PCA.

STRUCTURES INVOLVED: CNIII fasicles and Cerebral Peduncle

CLINICAL SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: Ipsilateral 3rd nerve paresis and contralateral hemiparesis.

53
Q

Claude’s Syndrome

A

REGION: midbrain (tegmentum)

ARTERIAL SUPPLY: tip pf the basilar artery and/or branches of the PCA

STRUCTURES INVOLVED: CNIII fasicles, red nucleus, superior cerebellar peduncle.

CLINICAL SIGNS/SMPTOMS: Ipsilateral 3rd nerve paresis, Contralateral tremor, Contralateral ataxia.

54
Q

Benedikt’s Syndrome

A

REGION: midbrain (base and tegmentum)

ARTERIAL SUPPLY: tip of the basil artery and/or branches of the PCA.

STRUCTURES INVOLVED: CNIII fasicles, red nucleus, superior cerebellar peduncle, substantia nigra

CLINICAL SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: Ipsilateral 3rd nerve paresis, Contralateral hemiparesis, Contralateral tremor, Contralateral ataxia.

55
Q

Millard-Gubler Syndrome

A

REGION: medial pons (base and tegmentum)

ARTERIAL SUPPLY: Paramedian branches of the basilar artery.

STRUCTURES INVOLVED: Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts, CNVII fascicles.

CLINICAL SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: Contralateral hemiparesis, Ipsialteral LMN facial paresis.

56
Q

Foville’s Syndrome

A

REGION: medial pons (base and tegmentum)

ARTERIAL SUPPLY: Paramedian branches of the basilar artery.

STRUCTURES INVOLVED: Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts, CNVII fascicles, PPRF and/or CNVI.

CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Contralateral hemiparesis, Ipsialteral LMN facial paresis, Ipsialteral gaze paresis.

57
Q

Gaze disorders

A

lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus

58
Q

loss of discriminative touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception on the contralateral side of the body

A

lesion in the medial lemniscus

59
Q

contralateral hemiparesis

A

lesion in the corticospinal tract

60
Q

Medial Medullary Syndrome

A

REGION: Medial Medulla

ARTERIAL SUPPLY: Vertebral arteries, Paramed. Branches

STRUCTURES INVOLVED: Corticospinal Tract, Medial Lemniscus, CNXII

CLINICAL SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: Contralateral arm/leg weakness, Contralateral decrease in position/vibration, Ipsilateral tongue weakness

61
Q

Wallenberg’s Syndrome (lateral medullary syndrome)

A

REGION: Lateral Medulla

ARTERIAL SUPPLY: Vertebral arteries or PICA

STRUCTURES INVOLVED: Vestibular nuclei, Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle, CNV and Tract, Spinothalamic Tract, Sympathetic fibers, Nucleus Ambiguous, Nucleus Solitarius

CLINICAL SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: Ipsialteral ataxia, vertigo, nausea, Ipsilateral decrease in face pain sensation, Contralateral decrease in body pain sensation, Ipsilateral Horner’s dysphagia.

62
Q

Loss of pain and temp from ipsilateral side of the face

A

lesion in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract

63
Q

dysarthria and dysphagia

A

lesion to the nucleus ambiguous

64
Q

loss of pain and them to the contralateral side of the body

A

lesion to the spinothalamic tract

65
Q

gait ataxia on the ipsilateral side of the body

A

lesion to the spinocerebellar tract

Neuroscience/ Nueroanatomy (10 decks)

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