Lecture 13 & 14: Fluid Therapy (Exam 2)

Question 1

horse blood volume

Answer 1

a 1000 lbs horse has approx 40 liters of blood

Question 2

normal chloride levels in most species range from

Answer 2

90-110mEq/L

Question 3

what is the primary reason 5%dextrose is given

Answer 3

gain access to veins

Question 4

a normal 1000 lb horse has approximately _______L of blood

Answer 4

40

Question 5

what are the two main types of fluids used in therapy

Answer 5

crystalloids and colloids

Question 6

initial blood loss concern

Answer 6

removal of 10-15% of blood volume begins to cause physiological problems

Question 7

________ occurs when fluids become trapped in non-exchangeable compartments

Answer 7

third spacing

Question 8

organ priority in blood loss

Answer 8

heart, brain, and lungs receive priority blood flow during severe blood loss

Question 9

fluid boluses should be given over at least ____ to avoid complications

Answer 9

5 min

Question 10

critical mean arterial pressure

Answer 10

below 45mmHg, the circulatory system begins shutting down non essential organs

Question 11

the normal hematocit threshold for blood transfusion in animals below _____ %

Answer 11

20

Question 12

when an animal loses more than ______% of their blood volume, their survival rate drops to about 50%

Answer 12

50

Question 13

fluid responsiveness

Answer 13

patients response to fluid therapy, measured through pulse variability and other indicators

Question 14

__________ is an alpha -1 agonist used to treat splenic entrapment in horses

Answer 14

phenylephrine

Question 15

fluid distribution priority

Answer 15

follow order: vessel-rich tissues first, then muscle groups, finally vessel-poor tissues

Question 16

maximum fluid administration rate

Answer 16

40-60mL/kg/hour max for shock doses, higher rates may be harmful

Question 17

hart Jacob hamburger

Answer 17

veterinarian who determined proper sodium chloride concentrations using chicken blood

Question 18

__________ is used to measure fluid responsiveness in patients

Answer 18

pulse pressure variation

Question 19

__________ solution has an osmolarity of 273, making it slightly hypotonic

Answer 19

lactated ringers

Question 20

Sydney ringers contribution

Answer 20

discovered that adding calcium salt to sodium chloride improved survival in dehydrated patients

Question 21

normal sodium level

Answer 21

approx, 150 mEq/L in most animals

Question 22

an increase in body weight of more than ___-% indicated excessive fluid administration

Answer 22

10

Question 23

Alex Hartmans innovation

Answer 23

added lactate to ringers solution, creating what europeans call Hartmans solution

Question 24

what is the best way to administer fluids

Answer 24

Bolus combined with constant rate infusion

Question 25

signs of excess fluid administration

Answer 25

Hematocrit drop >15 points or body weight increase >10%

Question 26

normal blood osmolarity in most animals is approximately 300 milliosmoles per liter

Answer 26

300

Question 27

what is the normal chloride range in most species

Answer 27

90-110 mEqs

Question 28

what is the first organ to lose perfusion during shock is the

Answer 28

kidney

Question 29

the _____ acts as an auto-injector of blood volume in horses

Answer 29

spleen

Question 30

blood loss turning point

Answer 30

25-30%blood volume loss marks critical point where condition begins to deteriorate

Question 31

what parentage of humans given colloids develop renal compromise

Answer 31

10%

Question 32

normal saline contains _____ mEq/L of both sodium and chloride

Answer 32

154

Question 33

optimal fluid administration method

Answer 33

combination of initial bolus followed by constant rate infusion (CRI) based on body weight and condition

Question 34

how much blood volume can a normal 1000 lb horse lose and compensate for using its spleen

Answer 34

4 L

Question 35

what indicates you've given too much fluid

Answer 35

Hematocrit drop > 15 points

Question 36

which fluid type is currently considered "on the outs" due to potential complications

Answer 36

colloids

Question 37

what is spawning contrappment in horses

Answer 37

A condition where the gut wraps around the spleen, treated with alpha-1 agonists like phenylephrine

Question 38

what role does the autonomic nervous system play in blood volume regulation

Answer 38

helps regulate blood volume and pressure, especially through the sympathetic nervous system

Question 39

which receptors are involved in vasoconstriction

Answer 39

Alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors

Question 40

How does vasoconstriction affect veins and arteries?

Answer 40

vasoconstriction is more sensitive in veins, shifting blood to arteries

Question 41

What effect does acepromazine have on blood pressure?

Answer 41

Blocks alpha-1 receptors, causing vasodilation and potentially lowering blood pressure.

Question 42

Which anesthetic drugs act as vasoconstrictors

Answer 42

Alpha-2 agonists like xylazine and dexmedetomidine

Question 43

what is hematocrit

Answer 43

% of RBC in blood

Question 44

At what hematocrit level should blood transfusions be considered?

Answer 44

For humans, below 30%; for animals, around 20%

Question 45

How does acute blood loss affect hematocrit readings?

Answer 45

Fluids dilute blood, making hematocrit levels unreliable for assessing blood loss severity.

Question 46

What electrolyte imbalances can result from fluid dilution?

Answer 46

Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia

Question 47

Can kidneys tolerate low perfusion?

Answer 47

Yes, kidneys can tolerate low perfusion for extended periods and may recover if restore

Question 48

What is the difference between crystalloids and colloids?

Answer 48

Crystalloids are smaller molecules, while colloids are larger and stay in the vascular compartment longer.

Question 49

What are the risks of colloid administration?

Answer 49

Colloids can cause allergic reactions and renal compromise, especially with excessive use.

Question 50

how is fluid rate measured

Answer 50

ml/kg/hr

Question 51

What is Post-Pressure Variation (PPV)

Answer 51

A measure of blood pressure variability indicating fluid responsiveness

Question 52

How can fluid therapy success be monitored?

Answer 52

By assessing hematocrit, body weight, and vital signs.

Question 53

What are the goals of fluid therapy?

Answer 53

To restore blood volume, maintain tissue perfusion, and correct imbalances

Question 54

What does Central Venous Pressure (CVP) indicate?

Answer 54

It indicates fluid overload when elevated.

Question 55

lactated ringers solution

Answer 55

-Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, lactate -isotonic -Hydration, electrolyte replacement

Question 56

0.9% Saline

Answer 56

-sodium, chloride -isotonic -Hydration, electrolyte replacement

Question 57

Plasma-Lyte

Answer 57

-Electrolyte-balanced, mimicking plasma -isotonic -Hydration, electrolyte replacement

Question 58

dextrose

Answer 58

-sugar -hypotonic -hydration, calorie provision

Question 59

hetastarch

Answer 59

-synthetic starch -colloid -volume expansion, maintain blood pressure

Question 60

gelatin

Answer 60

-animal derived protein -colloid -Volume expansion, maintain blood pressure

Question 61

albumin

Answer 61

-human-derived protein -colloid -Volume expansion, maintain blood pressure

Question 62

hypotonic saline

Answer 62

-sodium, chloride -hypotonic -pull fluid from interstitial space

Question 63

hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

Answer 63

-sythetic hemoglobin -colloid -volume expansion, oxygen delivery

Question 64

why give fluids

Answer 64

Question 65

what to consider when choosing a fluid therapy

Answer 65

Question 66

_______ does not always correspond to RA pressure nor does it correlate or predict cardiac output or stroke volume in response to fluid administration.

Answer 66

Central Venous Pressure (cvp)

Question 67

blood loss example: 0 kg Dog: 200ml Blood Loss 3:1

Answer 67