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Food Borne Pathogens > Lecture 12- Vibrio Species > Flashcards

Lecture 12- Vibrio Species Flashcards

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1
Q

Vibrio sp.

A
  • nonspore-forming, gram-negative

- vibrio shaped bacterium

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2
Q

What are the 3 species of vibrio that are known to cause most infections?

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio vulnificus
Vibrio cholera

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3
Q

The vibrio infection are most associated with what?

A

Seafood consumption

-vibrio in water are part of the natural microbiota of the water

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4
Q

Is vibrio caused by fecal contamination?

A

No, the fecal oral route does not apply to Vibrio

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5
Q

What is the serotypes of v.parahaemolyticus?

A

LPS (O) antigen, and capsular polysaccharide (K) antigen

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6
Q

What is the generation time and temperature for V.parahaemolyticus?

A

Generation time: 8-9min at 37C

-the ability to grow rapidly means that contaminated food becomes highly colonized if temperature abused

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7
Q

Symptoms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A

appear 4-30 hours after ingestion of contaminated food

  • D, N, V, abd cramps, fever
  • subside in 3-5 days
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8
Q

How many flagellum does v. parahaemolyticus have and where is it located?

A

single flagellum at one pole of the bacterium is required for swimming motility
-during growth in semi-solid media, flagella are produced along the lateral side of the bacterium

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9
Q

What is the role of MAM7 in v. parahaemolyticus?

A

Multivalent adhesion PRO that binds to fibronectin and phosphatidic acid which is required for the initial attachment to host cells

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10
Q

What are the haemolysis factors that v. parahaemolyticus have?

A

-Fe transporters are internalized by diff membrane receptors on the outer membrane of the bacteria and transported to the cytoplasm by different ABC complexes.

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11
Q

What are the 3 toxins produced by v. parahaemolyticus?

A
  1. thermoliable haemolysin (tlh)
  2. thermostable direct haemolysin (tdh)
  3. thermostable direct-realted haemolysin (trh)
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12
Q

How are thermostable direct haemolysin (TDH) and thermoliable haemolysin (TLH) secreted?

A

secreted from the bacteria and form tetrameric pore complexes in the host membrane
the pores allow ions to flow freely across the host membrane which leads to hemolysis or cytotoxicity

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13
Q

What functions do T3SS1 effectors have?

A

VopQ, VopR, VopS, and VPA0450 are effectors that are translocated into the host cells to cause cytoxicity in different cell types such as macrophages and HeLa cells

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14
Q

Where is T3SS1 found?

A

in all V.parahaemolyticus isolates, even non-pathogenic isolates, indicating an imp. role in the environment

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15
Q

What function do T3SS2 effectors have?

A

Vop A, VopC, VopL, VopT are translocated into host cells to cause cytotoxicity of colon epithelial cells or enterotoxicity within the host

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16
Q

Where is T3SS2 found?

A

mainly in clinical isolates indicating that it is more tightly ties to a pathogenic lifestyle

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17
Q

What are the 4 effector of T3SS1?

A

VopQ, VopR, VopS, and VPA0450

18
Q

What are the 4 effectors of T3SS2?

A

VopA, VopC, VopL, and VopT

19
Q

Which species has the most serious infection and is responsible for 95% of seafood related deaths in North America?

A

V. vulnificus

20
Q

What are the 3 biotypes of v. vulnificus?

A
  1. Causes diseases in humans
  2. causes disease in eels, rarely in humans
  3. hybrid of type 1 and 2, found only in Israel
21
Q

What is the primary syndrome of v. vulnificus?

A

Primary septicemia caused by consumption raw or undercooked seafood

22
Q

What is the second syndrome of v. vulnificus?

A

necrotizing wound infection which results from an open wound being exposed to warm seawater, or contaminated seafood, with high concentration of v. vulnificus

23
Q

Fatality rate of primary septicemia from v. vulnificus?

A

60% –> high usually from the consumption of oysters

24
Q

Symptoms of v. vulnificus?

A

appear 7 hours to several days after exposure

-fever, chills, N, hypotension

25
Q

virulence factor v. vulnificus k antigen

A

polysaccharide capsule

  • if cells loose the K-antigen they lose virulence
  • the role in virulence is not understood
26
Q

virulence factor v.vulnificus LPS (O antigen)

A

the high fever, systemic infection, and shock are consistent with LPS induced endotoxic shock

27
Q

virulence factor v.vulnificus vvhA?

A

a heat stable haemolysin/cytotoxin that is unique to V. vulnificus and likely plays a role in virulence

28
Q

Where was the cholera outbreak in 2010?

A

Haiti where the mortality rate was the highest

Yemen where the people with cholera is high but death is lower than in Haiti

29
Q

What is the serotyping of v.cholerae based on?

A

LPS (O) antigen

30
Q

what are the two type of v. cholerae that cause epidemic and pandemics?

A

O1 and O139

31
Q

What toxin do the two v. cholerae strain produce?

A

Cholera toxin (CTX)

32
Q

What does the cholerae toxin do (CTX)?

A

disrupts the ion transport, this leads to severe diarrhea

  • carried on a phage , only v. cholerae which are infected with this phage are able to cause illness in humans
  • binds to ganglioside receptors on the surface of intestinal epithelium cells
  • internalized by endocytosis and triggers the production of cAMP
33
Q

does v. cholerae have a VBNC state?

A

Yes, where cells are reduced in size and become ovoid

34
Q

What factors does v. cholerae use to colonize the small intestine?

A

adherence factors

35
Q

cAMP is triggered by cholera toxin but what does it do after that?

A

activates specific ion channels within the cell membrane causing an efflux on ions from the cell
- the build up of ions in the intestinal lumen draws water from cells and tissues via osmosis causing acute diarrhea and dehydration

36
Q

which species is known to undergo rapid horizontal gene transfer and why?

A

V. parahaemolytics because the two genes (K and O antigen) are in two discrete clusters which undergo horizontal gene transger

37
Q

What needs to happen for v. cholerae to be infected?

A

needs to be infected with a phage to be virulent

- climate change increases the probability

38
Q

can T3SS be transferred from v. parahaemolyticus to v. cholerae?

A

yes, when this happens it makes v. cholerae pathogenic to humans

39
Q

What are some prevention of vibrio infections?

A
  • seafood should always be frozen, refrigerated, or stored in ice, eaten fresh
  • cooking very effective at eliminating vibrios
  • irradiation and high hydrostatic pressure
  • dried spices, herbal oils, tomato sauce, lemon juice
40
Q

Does depuration (filter feeding bivalves are purified by pumping through clean water) remove Vibrio?

A

no but does remove salmonella and e.coli

41
Q

which species of vibrios has the highest mortality rate?

A

V. vulnificus

Food Borne Pathogens (14 decks)

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