Lecture 12 - Peace, reconciliation and forgiveness Flashcards
What are the steps of GRIT (Graduated Reciprocation in Tension Reduction)
(1) one side announce recognition of mutual interests and intention to reduce tensions
(2) that side then makes a unilateral (one-sided)
concession
(3) the opposing side should reciprocate the concession
made by the initiating side. The two sides should
continue reciprocating concessions until an
agreement is reached.
What are the conditions of GRIT
(1) the initiating side should not make a concession that
threatens its own security or ability to defend against
a hostile act. Should make a symbolic concession that
does not make u look weak or vulnerable
(2) the initiator of GRIT may have to make a second or
third attempt before capturing the attention of the
other side.
(3) should the other side abuse a cooperative act by
being aggressive, the initiator should retaliate with
aggression
Moral expansiveness
moral circles are expanding
moral boundaries have extended to places (beyond kin and in-group) that would have once been considered strange. We now presume that moral rights extend to every (innocent) person, and increasingly to animals as well.
Describe the moral expansiveness scale study
Participants located 30 entities within one of 4 moral circles:
Inner circle: “These entities deserve the highest level of moral concern and standing. You have a moral obligation to ensure their welfare and feel a sense of personal responsibility for their moral treatment”
Outside the moral boundary: “these entities deserve no moral concern or standing… feeling concern or personal responsibility for their moral treatment is extreme or nonsensical”
Villains were placed further than chickens and plants but closer than robots.
What reduces prejudice?
Short-term strategies seem to be ineffective … little evidence that you can increase diversity of workplaces using diversity training, unconscious bias training, or by removing photographs from job applications. WEAK EVIDENCE THESE THINGS ACTUALLY WORK.
Committees don’t seem to be the problem.
Diversity best improved by (a) establishing responsibility for diversity to managers, and (b) attacking isolation of minority members through mentorship and networking.
Slow burn systemic interventions are more effective
Also, “cute” 5-minute interventions don’t work to reduce prejudice (e.g. watching a video or perspective task)
What did Branscombe (2007) do?
Reducing prejudice by pointing out privilege?
Backfired
Asked participants to either list reasons why Whites are privileged relative to other groups, to list reasons why Whites are disadvantaged relative to other groups, or to list life events (control condition).
They then measured White Ps’ levels of modern racism.
They found a ‘backfired effect’, in the context where Whites had to reflect on all the ways that Whites are privileged, their levels of racism went UP.
No-one likes to internalise privilege for their achievements.
What did Kofta & Slawuta (2013) do?
Reducing prejudice by pointing out past atrocities?
Backfired
They either reminded Poles about their history of anti-semantic crimes (slaughtering Jews), or they did not.
They then measured participants’ desire for contact with Jews and their belief in anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.
When Ps had to reflect on their group’s atrocities, prejudice levels went up. They expressed LESS of a desire to contact Jews and were MORE likely to endorse these anti-jewish conspiracy beliefs.
True or False. Does Intergroup contact seem to reduce prejudice?
True.
Allport (1954) recommended contact as a key method of reducing prejudice between ethnic groups.
What are the conditions outlined by Allport (1954) that are needed for contact to work (Intergroup contact theory)?
Contact should be prolonged and cooperative rather than casual and incidental
There should be a framework of institutional support for integration (e.g., Race Relations Tribunals)
The contact should involve tasks and contexts where groups feel of equal power and status.
Contact
Contact between different groups works … partly because it reduces anxiety, partly because it allows for cross-group friendships, & partly because it allows for racial myths to be refuted.
Even having a friend make friends with a member of another race is in reducing prejudice. Also, the effects of contact appear effective to be generalized to the broader outgroup.
What is the correlation between contact and prejudice?
the relationship between contact and prejudice is surprisingly small (r = -.215)
the effects of contact on prejudice are stronger (a) when prejudice is defined on affective dimensions, and (b) when Allport’s conditions for contact are adhered to
contact has a LARGER EFFECT on MAJORITY than on minority groups (could be due to reduced anxiety). White person contact w/ more Black people going to have larger effect on reducing prejudice than other way around.
there is a positive-negative asymmetry … bad contact experiences increase prejudice more than good experiences reduce it. People attend to bad things more than good things; remember bad things more than good things; see bad things as more diagnostic of reality than good things - so u can have 100 good/neutral interactions, but 1 negative interaction is going to weighted more heavily.
What is realistic conflict theory?
Sherif argued that intergroup aggression is caused primarily by competition for scarce resources.
According to realistic conflict theory, it is when one group’s interests are in conflict with another group’s interests that intergroup relations deteriorate.
What are the stages of Sherif’s camp study?
Stage 1: After mingling for a couple of days, camp is divided into two groups that are isolated from each other.
Stage 2: The groups are brought together to engage in organized intergroup competitions. At this point, nearly all the organized games degenerated into intergroup hostility that generalized into other situations.
Stage 3: The two groups were faced with situations in which they had to work together to achieve a common goal. At this phase, levels of intergroup hostility were reduced or eliminated.
What is the jigsaw classroom?
A combination of Allports ideas about contact theory and insights from Sherif’s realistic conflict model adapted into the classroom.
The jigsaw classroom is designed to promote contact between kids of different ethnicities, but in the context of the pursuit of superordinate goals.
Students are given assignments, and members of different ethnic groups are each given responsibility to perform one part of the assignment.
The end result is that students from different ethnic groups depend on each other to achieve the group goal (completing the assignment).
What did Paluck (2009) do?
Reducing prejudice – power of norms
It’s talking about the power of intergroup contact created by norms and it also models norms about how people are supposed to think and behave.
He conducted a year-long intervention study in Rwanda using radio soap operas.
Participants listened to a soap opera modelling tolerant intergroup beliefs vs. a control soap opera about health.
Intervention caused a 10% drop in intolerant beliefs
Replication study is underway in Nigeria
