Lecture 12 Energy Flashcards
what do glucose, fructose, and galactose have in common?
all hexose sugars
all can be phosphorylated
all interconvertible
What does delta G equal in normal conditions in the body?
-12,000 cal/mol
how is glucose uptaken?
active sodium-glucose co-transport against [ ] gradient
facilitated diffusion from higher to lower [ ]
what does the presence of insulin do?
increases glucose transport 10x
where can phosphorylation be reversed?
liver, renal, intestinal cells
What does glucokinase do?
converts glucose to G6P
what does phosphatase do?
converts G6P to glucose
what does phosphorylase do?
converts glycogen to G1P
what factors activate phosphorylase and from where?
Epi from adrenal medulla
glucagon from alpha cells in pancreas
what is the effect of phosphorylase?
promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose
glucose can be released into the blood
what are the end products of glycolysis?
2 ATP
2 pyruvic acid
4 H+
what are the end products of pyruvic acid –> acetyl-CoA
2 acetyl-CoA
2 CO2
4 H+
where does the citric acid cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
what are the end products of the citric acid cycle?
2 ATP
4 CO2
16 H+
where does Ox Phos occur?
mitochondrial cristae
where do electrons removed from hydrogen ions end up?
ETC
What are the major components of the ETC
flavoprotein
iron sulfide proteins
ubiquinone (q)
cytochrome A3
how many ATPs are formed per glucose and where do they come from?
38 total
2 ATP from glycolysis
2 ATP from CAC
34 ATP from ox phos
what is the glucose efficiency?
66%
456,000 cal/mol
For every 6 molecules of glucose that enter the pathway, how many are resynthesized?
5
what is this pathway mostly used for?
what is the major H+ carrier?
synthesis of fats and carbs
NADP+
when there is excess glucose in ________ , it is broken down by the pentose phosphate pathway
the liver
What is the net reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Glucose + 12NADP+ + 6H20 –> 6CO2 + 12H + 12NADPH
most triglycerides are digested into what?
monoglycerides and fatty acids
