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Physiology 2 Test 2 AH > Lecture 12 Energy > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Energy Flashcards

0
Q

what do glucose, fructose, and galactose have in common?

A

all hexose sugars
all can be phosphorylated
all interconvertible

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1
Q

What does delta G equal in normal conditions in the body?

A

-12,000 cal/mol

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2
Q

how is glucose uptaken?

A

active sodium-glucose co-transport against [ ] gradient

facilitated diffusion from higher to lower [ ]

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3
Q

what does the presence of insulin do?

A

increases glucose transport 10x

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4
Q

where can phosphorylation be reversed?

A

liver, renal, intestinal cells

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5
Q

What does glucokinase do?

A

converts glucose to G6P

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6
Q

what does phosphatase do?

A

converts G6P to glucose

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7
Q

what does phosphorylase do?

A

converts glycogen to G1P

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8
Q

what factors activate phosphorylase and from where?

A

Epi from adrenal medulla

glucagon from alpha cells in pancreas

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9
Q

what is the effect of phosphorylase?

A

promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose

glucose can be released into the blood

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10
Q

what are the end products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP
2 pyruvic acid
4 H+

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11
Q

what are the end products of pyruvic acid –> acetyl-CoA

A

2 acetyl-CoA
2 CO2
4 H+

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12
Q

where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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13
Q

what are the end products of the citric acid cycle?

A

2 ATP
4 CO2
16 H+

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14
Q

where does Ox Phos occur?

A

mitochondrial cristae

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15
Q

where do electrons removed from hydrogen ions end up?

A

ETC

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16
Q

What are the major components of the ETC

A

flavoprotein
iron sulfide proteins
ubiquinone (q)
cytochrome A3

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17
Q

how many ATPs are formed per glucose and where do they come from?

A

38 total
2 ATP from glycolysis
2 ATP from CAC
34 ATP from ox phos

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18
Q

what is the glucose efficiency?

A

66%

456,000 cal/mol

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19
Q

For every 6 molecules of glucose that enter the pathway, how many are resynthesized?

A

5

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20
Q

what is this pathway mostly used for?

what is the major H+ carrier?

A

synthesis of fats and carbs

NADP+

21
Q

when there is excess glucose in ________ , it is broken down by the pentose phosphate pathway

A

the liver

22
Q

What is the net reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Glucose + 12NADP+ + 6H20 –> 6CO2 + 12H + 12NADPH

23
Q

most triglycerides are digested into what?

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids

24
Q

what resythesizes these into triglyercides that will enter the lymph as chylomicrons?

A

intestinal epithelial cells

25
Q

what is absorbed to the chylomicron surfaces?

A

apoprotein B

26
Q

how are chylomicrons transported?

A

thoracic duct to venous system

27
Q

what tissue removes chylomicrons from the blood?

A

adipose, skeletal, heart

28
Q

what does lipoprotein lipase do?

A

hydrolyzes chylomicron triglycerides, releasing fatty acids and glycerol

29
Q

what conditions increase utilization of fat for energy?

A

diabetes mellitus

starvation

30
Q

what lipoproteins are synthesized by the liver?

A

VLDLs
IDLs
LDLs
HDLs

31
Q

10 NADH produces how many H+ and how many ATP?

A

20 H+

30 ATP

32
Q

2 FADH2 produces how many H+ and ATP?

A

4 H+ and 4 ATP

33
Q

what do lipoproteins do?

A

transport lipids in the blood

34
Q

what are vldls made of?

Where do they transport lipids?

A

high [ ] of triglycerides, some cholesterol and phospholipids

from liver to adipose tissue

35
Q

what are LDLs made of

A

high cholesterol, moderate [phospholipids]

36
Q

what are HDLs made of?

A

high [proteins], low [cholesterol] and [fatty acids]

37
Q

which 2 types of cells do not use fatty acids for energy?

A

brain cells

RBCs

38
Q

fatty acids are converted to ______ in the _____?

This process is called what?

A

acetyl-CoA

mitochondria

Called Beta-oxidation

39
Q

what is used as a carrier molecule into the mitochondria?

A

carnitine

40
Q

how does acetyl-CoA enter the CAC?

A

by binding to oxaloacetic acid

41
Q

what are the products from beta oxidation of one molecule of stearic acid?

A

9 acetyl-CoA

146 ATP

42
Q

what are 3 ketone bodies?

A

acetoacetic acid, acetone, Beta-hydroxybutyric

43
Q

ketone bodes diffuse back into cells and are converted to what?

A

acetyl-CoA

44
Q

what conditions favor ketosis?

A

fatty diet
starvation
diabetes

45
Q

Synthesis of fatty acids is a 2 step process that requires what?

A

malonyl-CoA and NADPH

46
Q

fat contains how much energy compared to carbs?

A

2.5x as much

47
Q

Give the steps to the development of atherosclerotic plaque!

A
  1. Damage to vascular endothelium
  2. Monocytes and LDLs accumulate at injury site
  3. Monocytes cross endothelium and enter intima
  4. Macrophages ingest lipoproteins and become foam cells
  5. Fatty streaks develop and grow larger
  6. Surrounding fibrous and smooth m. tissue proliferates and forms large plaques
48
Q

what are the basic causes of athersclerosis?

A

increased LDLs

familial hypercholesterolemia

49
Q

What may be able to absorb cholesterol crystals that are being deposited into the arterial walls?

A

HDLs

Physiology 2 Test 2 AH (6 decks)

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