Lecture 12 2/11/25 Flashcards
What are the classification schematics used for fractures?
-descriptive
-Gustillo-Anderson (open fractures)
-Salter-Harris (epiphyseal/growth plate)
-AO alphanumeric
What are different extent descriptors for fractures?
-complete
-incomplete
What is a greenstick fracture?
a fracture with minimal separation between fragment ends in which the periosteum remains intact
What are the types of incomplete fracture?
-greenstick
-fissure
How do open and closed fractures differ?
open fractures have bone communicating with the environment outside of the body; closed fractures only have bone within the body
How is a fracture determined to be opened vs closed?
-based on clinical exam
-may see evidence of open fracture on rads, but not always
What are the characteristics of a Gustillo-Anderson type 1 fracture?
-open fracture
-small laceration < 1 cm
-clean
-bone pierces soft tissue and retracts
-most common in radius/ulna and tibia
-results from low energy force
What are the characteristics of a Gustillo-Anderson type 2 fracture?
-open fracture
-larger laceration > 1 cm
-mild soft tissue trauma
-no flaps or avulsions
-usually simple or mildly comminuted
-results from high energy force
What are the characteristics of a Gustillo-Anderson type 3a fracture?
-open fracture
-vast soft tissue laceration or flaps
-occurs with high energy trauma
-soft tissue is available for wound coverage
What are the characteristics of a Gustillo-Anderson type 3b fracture?
-open fracture
-extensive soft tissue injury loss
-bone exposure present
-periosteum stripped away from bone
-may need local or free skin flap for closure
What are the characteristics of a Gustillo-Anderson type 3c fracture?
-open fracture
-arterial supply to the distal limb damaged
-arterial repair may be required for limb salvage
-extensive soft tissue loss
What is a transverse fracture?
less than 30 degree angle perpendicular to long axis
What is a short oblique fracture?
30 to 60 degree angle perpendicular to long axis
What is a long oblique fracture?
greater than 60 degree angle perpendicular to long axis
What is a long spiral fracture?
greater than 60 degree angle perpendicular to long axis; fragments interlace
What is a comminuted fracture?
fracture with more than two fragments
Where is an epiphyseal fracture?
proximal or distal to the physis
Where is a metaphyseal fracture?
the wide part between the epiphysis and diaphysis; contains the physis
Where is a diaphyseal fracture?
narrower tubular shaft of bone between the metaphyses
Where is an apophyseal fracture?
separate ossification center, such as a ligament or tendon attachment
Identify the fracture type:
Salter-Harris type 1
Identify the fracture type:
Salter-Harris type 2
Identify the fracture type:
Salter-Harris type 3
Identify the fracture type:
Salter-Harris type 4
Identify the fracture type:
Salter-Harris type 5
