Lecture 12 Flashcards
What is Knowledge?
Understanding and awareness gained through experience, education, or reasoning.
What is Intelligence?
The capacity to learn, understand, and apply knowledge effectively.
What are Necessary and Sufficient conditions?
Necessary conditions must be present for category membership; sufficient conditions guarantee membership.
What is Identification as a Test?
Using category-defining traits to evaluate membership.
What is Satisficing?
Choosing an option that meets minimum criteria instead of optimizing.
What are Characteristic Properties?
Traits commonly associated with a category, though not essential for membership.
What is Family Resemblance?
Categories grouped based on overlapping features rather than strict definitions.
What are Categories?
Mental groupings of objects, events, or ideas.
What is Inference from Category?
Drawing conclusions about an object based on its category.
What are Prototypes?
Abstract, idealized representations of a category.
What is High/Low Prototypicality?
High: Close to the prototype; Low: Far from the prototype.
What is the Typicality Effect?
Faster recognition of high-prototypical items compared to low-prototypical ones.
What is Category Priming (Rosch 1975)?
Exposure to category-related stimuli speeds recognition.
What are Exemplars?
Specific examples stored in memory used for categorization.
What did Medin et al. (1982) propose?
Categories are formed by comparing to exemplars, not abstract prototypes.
What is Essentialism?
The belief that categories have an intrinsic ‘essence’ defining them.
What is Hierarchical Organization?
Categories arranged from broad to specific.
What is a Global/Superordinate category?
The broadest category level (e.g., ‘animal’).
What is a Basic Category?
The most commonly used level (e.g., ‘bird’).
What is a Specific/Subordinate Category?
The most detailed level (e.g., ‘sparrow’).
What is the Object-Selective Cortex?
Brain regions activated by specific objects (e.g., faces).
What is the Category-Selective Cortex?
Brain regions responding to particular categories (e.g., tools).
What is Psychometrics?
The study of psychological measurement, including intelligence testing.
What is IQ Testing and Measurement?
Methods used to assess intellectual abilities.
What are Issues in Testing?
Concerns about cultural bias, validity, and misuse of tests.
What is Misuse of IQ Testing?
Unethical applications of intelligence tests, such as discrimination or stereotyping.
