Lecture 11 Flashcards
(47 cards)
What is reasoning?
The process of deriving conclusions or making inferences based on evidence and logic.
What is deductive reasoning?
Using general premises to arrive at specific, logically certain conclusions.
What are syllogisms?
Logical arguments with two premises and a conclusion (e.g., “All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal”).
What makes a syllogism valid?
A syllogism is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.
What are antecedents?
The “if” clause in a conditional statement (e.g., “If it rains, the ground will get wet”).
What are consequents?
The “then” clause in a conditional statement (e.g., “If it rains, the ground will get wet”).
What is modus ponens?
A valid reasoning rule: If “p → q” and “p” is true, then “q” must also be true.
What is modus tollens?
A valid reasoning rule: If “p → q” and “q” is false, then “p” must also be false.
What is affirmation of the consequent?
A logical fallacy: Assuming “If p → q” and “q” is true, then “p” must also be true.
What is antecedent failure?
Occurs when the antecedent (“p”) is not true, leaving the conditional statement unresolved.
What is the Wason card selection task?
A reasoning task testing how well individuals use logical rules to test conditional statements.
What is confirmation bias?
Tendency to seek evidence that supports existing beliefs and ignore contradictory evidence.
What is falsification bias?
Preference for confirming rather than disproving hypotheses.
What is a permission schema?
A framework where certain actions are allowed only if specific conditions are met.
What did Cheng & Holyoke (1985) demonstrate?
Showed that context and real-world schemas improve reasoning performance.
What is inductive reasoning?
Drawing generalizations based on specific examples.
What is property induction?
Drawing generalizations based on specific examples (e.g., “All dogs I’ve seen have tails, so all dogs probably have tails”).
What is premise typicality?
Inductive arguments are stronger when premises involve typical category members.
What are prior probabilities?
The initial likelihood of an event based on existing knowledge.
What is Bayes’ Rule?
A mathematical formula for updating probabilities based on new evidence.
What is the range of chonkitude?
Humorous term referring to applying probabilistic reasoning in unexpected contexts.
What is the distinction between best vs likely solutions?
The distinction between finding the most optimal solution versus a practical one.
What are goals in problem-solving?
The desired end states in problem-solving tasks.
What are non-insight problems?
Solved systematically through step-by-step reasoning.
