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PSY270 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is reasoning?

A

The process of deriving conclusions or making inferences based on evidence and logic.

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2
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Using general premises to arrive at specific, logically certain conclusions.

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3
Q

What are syllogisms?

A

Logical arguments with two premises and a conclusion (e.g., “All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal”).

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4
Q

What makes a syllogism valid?

A

A syllogism is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

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5
Q

What are antecedents?

A

The “if” clause in a conditional statement (e.g., “If it rains, the ground will get wet”).

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6
Q

What are consequents?

A

The “then” clause in a conditional statement (e.g., “If it rains, the ground will get wet”).

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7
Q

What is modus ponens?

A

A valid reasoning rule: If “p → q” and “p” is true, then “q” must also be true.

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8
Q

What is modus tollens?

A

A valid reasoning rule: If “p → q” and “q” is false, then “p” must also be false.

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9
Q

What is affirmation of the consequent?

A

A logical fallacy: Assuming “If p → q” and “q” is true, then “p” must also be true.

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10
Q

What is antecedent failure?

A

Occurs when the antecedent (“p”) is not true, leaving the conditional statement unresolved.

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11
Q

What is the Wason card selection task?

A

A reasoning task testing how well individuals use logical rules to test conditional statements.

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12
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Tendency to seek evidence that supports existing beliefs and ignore contradictory evidence.

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13
Q

What is falsification bias?

A

Preference for confirming rather than disproving hypotheses.

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14
Q

What is a permission schema?

A

A framework where certain actions are allowed only if specific conditions are met.

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15
Q

What did Cheng & Holyoke (1985) demonstrate?

A

Showed that context and real-world schemas improve reasoning performance.

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16
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Drawing generalizations based on specific examples.

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17
Q

What is property induction?

A

Drawing generalizations based on specific examples (e.g., “All dogs I’ve seen have tails, so all dogs probably have tails”).

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18
Q

What is premise typicality?

A

Inductive arguments are stronger when premises involve typical category members.

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19
Q

What are prior probabilities?

A

The initial likelihood of an event based on existing knowledge.

20
Q

What is Bayes’ Rule?

A

A mathematical formula for updating probabilities based on new evidence.

21
Q

What is the range of chonkitude?

A

Humorous term referring to applying probabilistic reasoning in unexpected contexts.

22
Q

What is the distinction between best vs likely solutions?

A

The distinction between finding the most optimal solution versus a practical one.

23
Q

What are goals in problem-solving?

A

The desired end states in problem-solving tasks.

24
Q

What are non-insight problems?

A

Solved systematically through step-by-step reasoning.

25
Q

What are insight problems?

A

Require a sudden realization or “aha” moment to find the solution.

26
Q

What is Dunker’s Candle Problem?

A

An insight problem demonstrating functional fixedness (failing to see alternative uses for objects).

27
Q

What is Maier’s Two String Problem?

A

An insight problem requiring creative problem-solving to connect two strings.

28
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

The tendency to see objects only in their usual functions, hindering creative problem-solving.

29
Q

What is means-end analysis?

A

Breaking down a problem into smaller subgoals to achieve a final solution.

30
Q

What is reframing the initial state?

A

Changing how a problem is perceived to uncover new solutions.

31
Q

What is Black’s Chequerboard Problem?

A

Illustrates how problem representation impacts problem-solving success.

32
Q

What did Kaplan and Simon (1990) study?

A

Studied how framing problems affects the ability to solve them.

33
Q

What is analogical transfer?

A

Applying solutions from one problem to another by identifying shared structures.

34
Q

What is Dunker’s Radiation Problem?

A

Demonstrates analogical transfer using a military analogy to solve a medical problem.

35
Q

What did Gick and Holyoke (1983) show?

A

Showed that providing explicit hints improves analogical problem-solving.

36
Q

What is mapping correspondences?

A

Identifying structural similarities between problems to facilitate analogical reasoning.

37
Q

What are surface features?

A

Superficial characteristics of a problem that may distract from its deeper structure.

38
Q

What are structural features?

A

Underlying principles or relationships that are critical to solving a problem.

39
Q

What is set and mindset?

A

A fixed approach to problem-solving, which can hinder flexibility and creativity.

40
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

The drive to solve problems due to personal satisfaction or interest.

41
Q

What helps problem solving?

A

Factors such as motivation, diverse perspectives, and analogical thinking enhance problem-solving.

42
Q

What is the difference between identification vs description?

A

Effective problem-solving often depends on correctly defining the problem.

43
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

The ability to understand and attribute mental states to others.

44
Q

How does expertise relate to problem solving?

A

Experts excel at recognizing patterns and applying learned strategies to solve problems.

45
Q

What did Evans et al. (2018) study?

A

Studied how experts and novices differ in problem-solving approaches.

46
Q

What is the Dunning-Kruger Effect?

A

A cognitive bias where individuals overestimate their abilities due to a lack of knowledge.

47
Q

What is imposter syndrome?

A

The feeling of being undeserving of success despite evidence of competence.

PSY270 (4 decks)

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