Lecture 12 Flashcards
What is “perhaps” our most poorly managed natural resource?
water
From all the water on earth, what percent is available as fresh accessible liquid water?
1% in rivers and lakes
Canada has ___% of the world’s population but ___ % of the worlds liquid freshwater
0.5% , 20%
China has ___% of the world’s population but ___% of the freshwater supply
20% 7%
What percentage of water withdrawn from surface and groundwater sources is not returned to these sources
70%
What is the biggest use of water across the globe?
Irrigation
What percent of the world’s food is created by irrigation
40%
Consumptive use Does or Does Not return the water to its original source
does not
Non-consumptive use does or does not return water to original source
Does!
Which production product is the least water efficient
Beef production
Which production product is the most water efficient
Soy
What is the maintenance daily water requirement of a horse
5L/ 100kgs/day
In a thermoneutral environment, most mammalian species need how many mLs per kg
44-66 mL/kg
Crypto parvum outbreak mortality was 69 deaths what percent occurred in people with AIDS?
93%
What does soil erosion affect
water and air quality and soil productivity
NRCs estimates that between 1982 and 2007 soil erosion on US cropland
decreased by 43% - US gaining back ground
define soil erosion
breakdown, detachment, transport and redistribution of soil particles by wind, water or gravity
The most human induced soil erosion occurs in accordance with
the poorest livestock owners and the highest zoonotic disease burden
Worldwide what are the two biggest contributors to soil erosion
overgrazing and deforestation with agricultural activity a close third
Drylands occupy nearly ___ of the earth’s area and are home to what fraction of the earth’s population
half , one third
define desertification
dryland regions become increasingly arid losing bodies of water, vegetation and wildlife.
Histoplasmosis is a _____ fungus
dimorphic
What pathogen is commonly found in soil that contains bird and bat feces?
histoplasma capsualtum
What is the tx of choice for disseminated histoplasmosis in dogs and cats
itraconazole
Soil can also be a reservoir for which pathogen with dormant spores
anthrax - bacillus anthracis
Outbreaks of anthrax typically occur when livestock are grazing on
neutral or slightly alkaline soil
anthrax spores are known to survive in the soil for how long
100 years or longer
tetanus toxemia is caused by a specific neurotoxin produced by
clostridium tetani - in necrotic tissue
which species of mammal are more resistant to tetanus infections than other mammals
cats and dogs
What are the most sensitive species to tetanus
horses and lambs
tetanus symptoms in canine
furrowed brow, ears pulled together, lips drawn up, eyelids drawn
tetanus tx
curariform agents, tranquilizers, or barbituate sedatives, 300,000 iu of tetanus antitoxin IV BID, draining and cleaning wound, penicillin or broad spec abx
selenium deficiency aka
white muscle dz
Black leg causative agent
clostridium chauvei
c. chauvei is found where
naturally in intestinal tract of animals, spores remain viable in soil for years,
a complex metabolic disturbance characterized by hypomagnesemia
hypomagnesemic tetany
Symptoms of hypomagnesemic tetany
hyperexcitability, muscular spasms, convulsions, resp distress, collapse, death
what animals are most susceptible to grass tetany?
adult lactating animals - loss of mg in milk
grass tetany occurs when
animals are grazed on lush grass pastures
What is the jet stream
a narrow band of strong wind in the upper atmosphere that blows from west to east and can shift north or south.
most pronounced in the winter
define air pollution
gaseous and particulate contaminants that are present in the Earth’s atmosphere
primary pollutants are emitted
directly into the air
We live in the
troposphere
worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for
29% of all deaths and dz from lung cancer
17% deaths from acute lower resp infection
24% deaths from stroke
25% deaths from ischemic heart dz
43% deaths from COPD
Stronger odors and higher hydrogen sulfide concentrations correlated with
higher blood pressure
Which type of animal production workers suffer more respiratory damage than any other workers
poultry
Foot and mouth dz transmission
airborne
feline asthma tx
corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in the lungs with or without bronchodilators to dilate the airway
symptoms of canine allergic bronchitis
chronic dry hacking cough
canine allergic bronchitis is most common in
older small breed dogs
tx of canine allergic bronchitis often involves the use of
glucocorticoids and bronchodilators
